{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:17:41Z","timestamp":1783448261986,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":424,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucagonomas are rare islet cell tumours, accounting for 2% of such tumours, with an annual incidence of 0.01\u20130.1 per million. This study aimed to describe diagnostic characteristics and treatment outcomes in patients with glucagonoma from a major referral centre.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective case series included patients diagnosed with glucagonoma at the ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic patient records were reviewed to document baseline disease characteristics and treatment outcomes. Disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan\u2013Meier method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty patients (75% male, age 56.6 \u00b1 11.6 years, mean Ki-67 index 7.3 \u00b1 7, mean \u00b1 SD) were included; 50% had liver metastases at diagnosis. The median OS was 34 months (95% CI: 30.3\u201337.7). Median OS was 34, 9, and 71 months for patients with liver, lung, and skeletal metastases, respectively. At diagnosis, migratory necrolytic erythema was linked to poorer OS (22 months, 95% CI: 14.3\u201329.7). Median DFS following surgery was 25 months (95% CI: 3.5\u201346.5). For inoperable disease, Lutetium-177 (177Lu)-DOTATATE peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) demonstrated efficacy in disease control. Other treatments included somatostatin analogues, chemotherapy, and molecular-targeted agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumour grade, metastases, and NME at diagnosis influence OS in glucagonoma. Surgery is associated with the best PFS as first-line therapy, while 177Lu-DOTATATE PRRT effectively controls disease progression. Further studies are needed to optimise treatment sequencing for advanced glucagonoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eo-24-0083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T10:12:47Z","timestamp":1754561567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic characteristics, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors in glucagonomas"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3310-1521","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleni","family":"Armeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust 1 , ,","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Branton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre 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