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These lesions can lead to pain, impaired joint function and, if left untreated, may contribute to the development of degenerative joint diseases. Challenges in treatment of focal cartilage lesion are mainly due to limited intrinsic healing capacity, difficulty in early detection of lesions and variability in symptoms make timely intervention tricky. Conservative treatments varies from addressing symptoms using physical therapy, corticosteroid injections and viscosupplementation, to regenerative attempts such as in platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells therapy. These modalities provide a limited duration of improvement and are commonly used to delay more aggressive treatment. Traditional surgery options are mainly summed up by microfractures (MFX) for smaller lesions, osteochondral autograft transfer, osteochondral allograft transfer (OCA) and autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis for moderate-to-large lesions. Cellular approaches encompass autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), which involve targeted transplantation of chondrocytes. Current research is concentrating on cell-based surgical approaches utilizing advanced biomaterials for both scaffold and scaffold-free implants. While gene therapy and tissue engineering approaches aim to optimize chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation for improved quality of the transplanted biomaterial and patient\u2019s outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eor-2024-0083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T09:55:51Z","timestamp":1743501351000},"page":"203-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Current trends in the treatment of focal cartilage lesions: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5016-4466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Halah","family":"Kutaish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Balgrist University Hospital 1 , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Klopfenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Balgrist University Hospital 1 , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan Nasif","family":"Obeid Adorisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIIAM-Societ\u00e0 Italiana Intelligenza Artificiale in Medicina 2 , ,","place":["Matera, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe M","family":"Tscholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals 3 , ,","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Fucentese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Balgrist University Hospital 1 , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711134843700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603513494402","article-title":"Articular cartilage repair: where we have been, where we are now, and where we are headed","volume":"4","author":"Grande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"2026070711134843700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320110241S219","article-title":"Pridie's marrow stimulation technique combined with collagen matrix for cartilage repair. a study in a still growing sheep model","volume":"24","author":"Giordano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathology Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070711134843700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(86)80012-3","article-title":"Arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty historical and pathologic perspective: present status","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2026070711134843700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.1999.0242","article-title":"Arthroscopic subchondral bone plate microfracture technique augments healing of large chondral defects in the radial carpal bone and medial femoral condyle of horses","volume":"28","author":"Frisbie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026070711134843700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4300-1","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of cartilage repair procedures in the knee: a network meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Riboh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"2026070711134843700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197705000-00034","article-title":"Articular cartilage repair. 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