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The three aspects of GSD etiopathology are osteoclasts, angiogenesis\/lymphangiogenesis and osteoblast function. Multi-targeted pharmacological approach includes innovative options and represent milestones of treatment, sometimes associated with radiotherapy. Surgery is mainly used to treat complications: pathologic\/impending fractures, spinal instability or deformities and chylothorax. In this narrative review, we highlight current standards in diagnosis, clinical management and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eor-21-0083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T13:28:20Z","timestamp":1641907700000},"page":"35-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Current concepts from diagnosis to management in Gorham\u2013Stout disease: a systematic narrative review of about 350 cases"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Angelini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Mosele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Pagliarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711365426200_bib1","first-page":"398","article-title":"A boneless arm","volume":"18","author":"Jackson","year":"1838","journal-title":"Boston Medical and Surgical Journal"},{"key":"2026070711365426200_bib2","first-page":"985","article-title":"Massive osteolysis (acute spontaneous absorption of bone, phantom bone, disappearing bone); its relation to hemangiomatosis","volume":"37-A","author":"Gorham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: American Volume"},{"key":"2026070711365426200_bib3","first-page":"426","article-title":"Novel approach of treating Gorham-Stout disease in the humerus \u2013 case report and review of literature","volume":"20","author":"Ellati","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"2026070711365426200_bib4","first-page":"198","article-title":"An overview of the neurosurgical implications, pathophysiology, diagnosis and recent treatment strategies for grade IV idiopathic osteolysis, also known as Gorham-Stout or phantom bone disease","volume":"21","author":"Ganau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"2026070711365426200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i5.694","article-title":"Vanishing bone disease (Gorham-Stout syndrome): a review of a rare entity","volume":"5","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Journal of Orthopedics"},{"key":"2026070711365426200_bib6","first-page":"88","article-title":"The syndrome of idiopathic osteolysis. 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