{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:31:25Z","timestamp":1792499485778,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eor.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Shoulder stiffness is a frequent complication after proximal humeral fractures treated with or without surgery. Shoulder stiffness is associated with high rates of absence from work and a significant financial burden for the healthcare system.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Secondary stiffness is characterized by additional extracapsular adhesions, including subacromial, subcoracoid, and subdeltoid spaces, usually derived from post-fracture or post-surgical extraarticular hematomas.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Several secondary causes may coexist with capsular and extracapsular adhesions decreasing the shoulder motion, such as malunion, nonunion, metalwork failure, infection, and osteoarthritis, among others.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Conservative treatment, usually prescribed for primary shoulder stiffness, has shown unfavorable results in secondary stiffness, and surgical intervention may be required.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Surgical interventions need to be patient-specific. Usually, open or arthroscopic fibro-arthrolysis and subacromial release are performed, together with plate removal and biceps tenotomy\/tenodesis. In severe osteoarthritis, shoulder replacement may be indicated. Ruling out infection is recommended in every case.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eor-22-0118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T07:00:18Z","timestamp":1690873218000},"page":"651-661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["How to treat stiffness after proximal humeral fractures?"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5929-1805","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J Tom\u00e1s","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shoulder, Elbow and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Orthopa\u0308die Sonnenhof, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Hospital San Jos\u00e9 \u2013 Cl\u00ednica Santa Mar\u00eda, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa S","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Wigan, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5480-6008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias A","family":"Zumstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shoulder, Elbow and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Orthopa\u0308die Sonnenhof, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Shoulder, Elbow Unit, Sportsclinicnumber1, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Shoulder, Elbow and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Campus Stiftung Lindenhof Bern, Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 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