{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:23:52Z","timestamp":1790403832830,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eor.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Varus knees with associated cartilage pathologies are not uncommon scenarios that present to orthopaedic surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>There is no agreement on the ideal management of varus knees with concomitant cartilage pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Through a literature review, the authors tried to answer three main questions:<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>On October 2022, OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, and COCHRANE databases were searched. Clinical studies reporting on clinical, radiologic, or macroscopic cartilage regeneration following either isolated knee osteotomy or concomitant osteotomy and a cartilage procedure were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Despite controversies, the literature demonstrated favourable outcomes of combined knee osteotomy and a cartilage procedure in patients with substantial deformity and cartilage defects.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Isolated high tibial osteotomy may induce cartilage regeneration in several scenarios and severities of concomitant malalignment and cartilage defects.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>There are recommendations that knee osteotomy should be added to a cartilage procedure when an extra-articular deformity of &gt; 5\u00b0 is detected.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Some studies report good outcomes for combining a knee osteotomy with cartilage grafting, but they lack a control group of isolated osteotomy.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>There is still scarce of evidence on the influence of osteotomies on cartilage regeneration and the outcomes of concomitant osteotomy and different cartilage procedures vs isolated osteotomies.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>With advanced statistical evaluation (artificial intelligence, machine learning) of big datasets, more answers and better results will be delivered.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eor-23-0180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T07:19:58Z","timestamp":1709623198000},"page":"173-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Combined knee osteotomy and cartilage procedure for varus knees: friend or foe? A narrative review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2547-3176","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mabrouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid Yorkshire Teaching Hospitals, Yorkshire, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institut du mouvement et de l\u2019appareil locomoteur, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Sung","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du mouvement et de l\u2019appareil locomoteur, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Kley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthoprofis Hannover, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komal","family":"Tapasvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Orthopaedic Speciality Clinic, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Tapasvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Orthopaedic Speciality Clinic, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Ollivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du mouvement et de l\u2019appareil locomoteur, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine","first-page":"1420","article-title":"Chondral resurfacing and high tibial osteotomy in the varus knee: survivorship analysis","volume":"38","author":"Sterett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sterett WISteadman JRHuang MJMatheny LM & Briggs KK. 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British Volume","first-page":"592","article-title":"The long-term outcome of high tibial osteotomy: a ten- to 20-year follow-up","volume":"90","author":"Akizuki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akizuki SShibakawa ATakizawa TYamazaki I & Horiuchi H. The long-term outcome of high tibial osteotomy: a ten- to 20-year follow-up. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume200890592\u2013596. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.90B5.20386)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Knee","first-page":"439","article-title":"Fifteen to twenty-eight years\u2019 follow-up results of high tibial valgus osteotomy for osteoarthritic knee","volume":"11","author":"Koshino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koshino TYoshida TAra YSaito I & Saito T. Fifteen to twenty-eight years\u2019 follow-up results of high tibial valgus osteotomy for osteoarthritic knee. Knee200411439\u2013444. 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(https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-020-03476-6)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine","first-page":"2325967120927481","article-title":"Are there harmful effects of preoperative mild lateral or patellofemoral degeneration on the outcomes of open wedge high tibial osteotomy for medial compartmental osteoarthritis?","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim DHKim SCYoon JS & Lee YS. Are there harmful effects of preoperative mild lateral or patellofemoral degeneration on the outcomes of open wedge high tibial osteotomy for medial compartmental osteoarthritis?Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine202082325967120927481. 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Regeneration of degenerated articular cartilage after high tibial valgus osteotomy for medial compartmental osteoarthritis of the knee. Knee200310229\u2013236. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0968-0160(0300005-x)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Journal of Knee Surgery","first-page":"538","article-title":"The effect of cartilage lesion in the lateral compartment of the knee on the surgical outcome of medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy","volume":"34","author":"Moon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moon HSChoi CHJung MPark SHLee DYShin JC & Kim SH. The effect of cartilage lesion in the lateral compartment of the knee on the surgical outcome of medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Journal of Knee Surgery202134538\u2013545. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1697623)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"657","article-title":"An increase in medial joint space width after medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy is associated with an increase in the postoperative weight-bearing line ratio rather than with cartilage regeneration: comparative analysis of patients who underwent second-look arthroscopic assessment","volume":"37","author":"Moon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moon HSChoi CHYoo JHJung MLee THByun JW & Kim SH. An increase in medial joint space width after medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy is associated with an increase in the postoperative weight-bearing line ratio rather than with cartilage regeneration: comparative analysis of patients who underwent second-look arthroscopic assessment. Arthroscopy202137657\u2013668.e4. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2020.09.042)"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Knee","first-page":"411","article-title":"Cartilage repair examined by second-look arthroscopy following double-level osteotomy performed for osteoarthritic knees with severe varus deformity","volume":"29","author":"Nakayama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakayama HKanto ROnishi SKambara SUkon RAmai KYoshiya SSchr\u00f6ter STachibana T & Iseki T. Cartilage repair examined by second-look arthroscopy following double-level osteotomy performed for osteoarthritic knees with severe varus deformity. Knee202129411\u2013417. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2021.02.024)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","first-page":"210","article-title":"Cartilage regeneration after proximal tibial osteotomy for medial gonarthrosis. 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