{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:17:19Z","timestamp":1784557039529,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eor.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Compared to other techniques, poller screws with intramedullary nailing are technically simple, practical, and reproducible for the fixation of metaphyseal fractures.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>In addition, poller screws do not require special instruments or hardware and are minimally invasive. This review takes a historical perspective to evaluate poller screws holistically.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>A non-systematic search on PubMed was performed using \u2018Poller screw\u2019 or \u2018Blocking screw\u2019 to find early use of poller blocking screws. Relevant references from these primary studies were then followed up.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          In 1999, Krettek\n                          <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                          first coined the term poller screws after the small metal bollards that block and direct traffic.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Poller screws were introduced as an adjunct to aid the union of metaphyseal long bone fractures during intramedullary nailing.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>However, as more evidence was published, the true effectiveness of poller screws was not appreciated, leading to split opinions.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Through our research, we have built upon our understanding of poller screws, and we present a novel classification of poller screws over the years while exploring our novel technique and what we believe to be the fourth generation of poller screws.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Currently, there is a paucity of research focussing on poller screws.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>However, studying the original evidence regarding poller screws through the most recent articles has demonstrated a confusion of research in this field. Therefore, we suggest a more organised approach to classify the use of poller screws.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eor-23-0183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T08:31:44Z","timestamp":1712219504000},"page":"252-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The evolution of poller screws"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6656-8123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew Kailin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrookes Major Trauma Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals, United Kingdom"},{"name":"West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Jou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kellogg College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrookes Major Trauma Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals, United Kingdom"},{"name":"James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrookes Major Trauma Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon, Essex, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirom","family":"Chabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrookes Major Trauma Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals, United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matija","family":"Krkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrookes Major Trauma Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.","first-page":"963","article-title":"The use of Poller screws as blocking screws in stabilising tibial fractures treated with small diameter intramedullary nails","volume":"81","author":"Krettek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Krettek CStephan CSchandelmaier PRichter MPape HC & Miclau T. The use of Poller screws as blocking screws in stabilising tibial fractures treated with small diameter intramedullary nails. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.199981963\u2013968. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.81b6.10000)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"EFORT Open Reviews","first-page":"451","article-title":"The use of \u2018blocking\u2019 screws for the \u2018closed\u2019 reduction of difficult proximal and distal femoral fractures","volume":"6","author":"Garnavos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garnavos C. The use of \u2018blocking\u2019 screws for the \u2018closed\u2019 reduction of difficult proximal and distal femoral fractures. EFORT Open Reviews20216451\u2013458. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2058-5241.6.210024)"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"EFORT Open Reviews","first-page":"189","article-title":"Systematic review on the outcomes of poller screw augmentation in intramedullary nailing of long bone fracture","volume":"5","author":"Tennyson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tennyson MKrkovic MFortune M & Abdulkarim A. Systematic review on the outcomes of poller screw augmentation in intramedullary nailing of long bone fracture. EFORT Open Reviews20205189\u2013203. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2058-5241.5.190040)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology","first-page":"559","article-title":"Challenge to treat hypertrophic nonunion of the femoral shaft: the Poller screw augmentation technique","volume":"26","author":"Eom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eom TWKim JJOh HK & Kim JW. Challenge to treat hypertrophic nonunion of the femoral shaft: the Poller screw augmentation technique. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology201626559\u2013563. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-016-1814-7)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"1011","article-title":"A novel technique for accurate Poller (blocking) screw placement","volume":"45","author":"Hannah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hannah AAboelmagd TYip G & Hull P. A novel technique for accurate Poller (blocking) screw placement. Injury2014451011\u20131014. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2014.02.029)"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction","first-page":"199","article-title":"The use of blocking screws with internal lengthening nail and reverse rule of thumb for blocking screws in limb lengthening and deformity correction surgery","volume":"11","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muthusamy SRozbruch SR & Fragomen AT. The use of blocking screws with internal lengthening nail and reverse rule of thumb for blocking screws in limb lengthening and deformity correction surgery. Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction201611199\u2013205. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11751-016-0265-3)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"3132","article-title":"Do Poller screws effect union in tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing?","volume":"52","author":"Peat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peat FOrdas-Bayon A & Krkovic M. Do Poller screws effect union in tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing?Injury2021523132\u20133138. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2021.02.040)"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism","first-page":"216","article-title":"The use of Poller screws in intramedullary nailing is associated with decreased callus formation","volume":"15","author":"Cundall-Curry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cundall-Curry DJLawrence JFountain D & Krkovic M. The use of Poller screws in intramedullary nailing is associated with decreased callus formation. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism201815216\u2013220."},{"issue":"Supplement 4","key":"bib9","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Intramedullary nailing in fracture treatment: history, science and K\u00fcntscher\u2019s revolutionary influence in Vienna, Austria","volume":"42","author":"V\u00e9csei","year":"2011","unstructured":"V\u00e9csei VHajdu S & Negrin LL. Intramedullary nailing in fracture treatment: history, science and K\u00fcntscher\u2019s revolutionary influence in Vienna, Austria. Injury201142(Supplement 4) S1\u2013S5. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-1383(1100419-0)"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"British Journal of Surgery","first-page":"203","article-title":"Ununited fractures, with special reference to gunshot injuries and the use of bone grafting","volume":"6","author":"Groves","year":"1918","unstructured":"Groves EWH. Ununited fractures, with special reference to gunshot injuries and the use of bone grafting. British Journal of Surgery19186203\u2013247. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.1800062207)"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae","first-page":"85","article-title":"K\u00fcntscher bone nailing \u2013 forecast and actuality","volume":"69","author":"Lindholm","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lindholm RV. K\u00fcntscher bone nailing \u2013 forecast and actuality. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae19806985\u201391."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","first-page":"579","article-title":"The perforated cruciate intramedullary nail: preliminary report of its use in geriatric patients","volume":"1","author":"Modny","year":"1953","unstructured":"Modny MT & Bambara J. The perforated cruciate intramedullary nail: preliminary report of its use in geriatric patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society19531579\u2013588. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1953.tb03935.x)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","first-page":"64","article-title":"Proximal third tibial shaft","volume":"315","author":"Lang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lang GJCohen BEBosse MJ & Kellam JF. Proximal third tibial shaft fractures. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research199531564\u201374. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003086-199506000-00008)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"323","article-title":"Intramedullary nail breakage in distal fractures of the tibia","volume":"27","author":"Hahn","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hahn DBradbury NHartley R & Radford PJ. Intramedullary nail breakage in distal fractures of the tibia. Injury199627323\u2013327. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-1383(9500228-6)"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Intramedullary nailing of distal metaphyseal tibial fractures","volume":"87","author":"Nork","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nork SESchwartz AKAgel JHolt SKSchrick JL & Winquist RA. Intramedullary nailing of distal metaphyseal tibial fractures. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery2005871213\u20131221. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.C.01135)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"781","article-title":"Distal metaphyseal fractures of the tibia with minimal involvement of the ankle. Classification and treatment by locked intramedullary nailing","volume":"77","author":"Robinson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Robinson CMMcLauchlan GJMcLean IP & Court-Brown CM. Distal metaphyseal fractures of the tibia with minimal involvement of the ankle. Classification and treatment by locked intramedullary nailing. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery199577781\u2013787. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.77B5.7559711)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Belgica","first-page":"802","article-title":"The percutaneous use of a pointed reduction clamp during intramedullary nailing of distal third tibial shaft fractures","volume":"77","author":"Forman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forman JMUrruela AM & Egol KA. The percutaneous use of a pointed reduction clamp during intramedullary nailing of distal third tibial shaft fractures. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica201177802\u2013808."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"532","article-title":"Intramedullary nailing of proximal third tibial fractures: techniques to improve reduction","volume":"34","author":"Hak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hak DJ. Intramedullary nailing of proximal third tibial fractures: techniques to improve reduction. Orthopedics201134532\u2013535. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01477447-20110526-19)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Langenbecks Archiv Fur Chirurgie","first-page":"257","article-title":"A break or bend in the unreamed tibial intramedullary nail. Experimental study","volume":"382","author":"Wallenb\u00f6ck","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wallenb\u00f6ck E & Koch G. A break or bend in the unreamed tibial intramedullary nail. Experimental study. Langenbecks Archiv Fur Chirurgie1997382257\u2013265. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02395729)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","first-page":"64","article-title":"Treatment of tibial shaft fractures by percutaneous K\u00fcntscher nailing. Technical difficulties and a review of 50 consecutive cases","volume":"178","author":"Donald","year":"1983","unstructured":"Donald G & Seligson D. Treatment of tibial shaft fractures by percutaneous K\u00fcntscher nailing. Technical difficulties and a review of 50 consecutive cases. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research198317864\u201373. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003086-198309000-00009)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma","first-page":"454","article-title":"Poller screws","volume":"14","author":"Seligson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Seligson D. Poller screws. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma200014454. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005131-200008000-00026)"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","first-page":"34","article-title":"Nonreamed interlocking","volume":"315","author":"Krettek","year":"1995","unstructured":"Krettek CSchandelmaier P & Tscherne H. Nonreamed interlocking nailing of closed tibial fractures with severe soft tissue injury. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research199531534\u201347. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003086-199506000-00005)"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"233","article-title":"Unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: operative technique and early clinical experience with the standard locking option","volume":"27","author":"Krettek","year":"1996","unstructured":"Krettek CRudolf JSchandelmaier PGuy PK\u00f6nemann B & Tscherne H. Unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: operative technique and early clinical experience with the standard locking option. Injury199627233\u2013254. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-1383(9600008-3)"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma","first-page":"550","article-title":"The mechanical effect of blocking screws (\u2018Poller screws\u2019) in stabilizing tibia fractures with short proximal or distal fragments after insertion of small-diameter intramedullary nails","volume":"13","author":"Krettek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Krettek CMiclau TSchandelmaier PStephan CM\u00f6hlmann U & Tscherne H. The mechanical effect of blocking screws (\u2018Poller screws\u2019) in stabilizing tibia fractures with short proximal or distal fragments after insertion of small-diameter intramedullary nails. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma199913550\u2013553. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005131-199911000-00006)"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma","first-page":"264","article-title":"Fractures of the proximal third of the tibial shaft treated with intramedullary nails and blocking screws","volume":"15","author":"Ricci","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ricci WMO\u2019Boyle MBorrelli JBellabarba C & Sanders R. Fractures of the proximal third of the tibial shaft treated with intramedullary nails and blocking screws. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma200115264\u2013270. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005131-200105000-00005)"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma","first-page":"218","article-title":"A technique for intramedullary nailing of proximal third tibia fractures","volume":"11","author":"Buehler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Buehler KCGreen JWoll TS & Duwelius PJ. A technique for intramedullary nailing of proximal third tibia fractures. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma199711218\u2013223. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005131-199704000-00014)"},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"13","article-title":"Treatment of grade-IIIb open tibial fractures. A prospective randomised comparison of external fixation and non-reamed locked nailing","volume":"76-B","author":"Tornetta","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tornetta PBergman MWatnik NBerkowitz G & Steuer J. Treatment of grade-IIIb open tibial fractures. A prospective randomised comparison of external fixation and non-reamed locked nailing. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery199476-B13\u201319. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.76B1.8300656)"},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"137","article-title":"Initial rotational stability of distal tibial fractures nailed without proximal locking: the importance of fracture type and degree of cortical contact","volume":"32","author":"Drosos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Drosos GKarnezis IABishay M & Miles AW. Initial rotational stability of distal tibial fractures nailed without proximal locking: the importance of fracture type and degree of cortical contact. Injury200132137\u2013143. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-1383(0000157-1)"},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"bib29","series-title":"Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"17","article-title":"The logic and clinical applications of blocking screws","volume":"86","author":"Stedtfeld","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stedtfeld HWMittlmeier TLandgraf P & Ewert A. The logic and clinical applications of blocking screws. Bone and Joint Surgery200486(Supplement 2) 17\u201325. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-200412002-00004)"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery","first-page":"307","article-title":"Intramedullary nailing supplemented with Poller screws for proximal tibial fractures","volume":"20","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kulkarni SGVarshneya AKulkarni SKulkarni GSKulkarni MGKulkarni VS & Kulkarni RM. Intramedullary nailing supplemented with Poller screws for proximal tibial fractures. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery201220307\u2013311. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/230949901202000308)"},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"136","article-title":"Technique for precise placement of poller screws with intramedullary nailing of metaphyseal fractures of the femur and the tibia","volume":"42","author":"Shahulhameed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shahulhameed ARoberts CS & Ojike NI. Technique for precise placement of poller screws with intramedullary nailing of metaphyseal fractures of the femur and the tibia. Injury201142136\u2013139. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2010.04.013)"},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica","first-page":"113","article-title":"Comparison of reduction methods in intramedullary nailing of subtrochanteric femoral fractures","volume":"46","author":"Seyhan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seyhan MUnay K & Sener N. Comparison of reduction methods in intramedullary nailing of subtrochanteric femoral fractures. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica201246113\u2013119. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3944\/AOTT.2012.2639)"},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"e936","article-title":"Blocking screws for the treatment of distal femur fractures","volume":"36","author":"Seyhan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seyhan MCakmak SDonmez F & Gereli A. Blocking screws for the treatment of distal femur fractures. Orthopedics201336e936\u2013e941. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01477447-20130624-26)"},{"key":"bib34","series-title":"European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology","first-page":"395","article-title":"Treatment for distal tibial fractures with intramedullary nails and blocking screws","volume":"22","author":"Seyhan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seyhan MKocaoglu BGereli ANalbantoglu U & Turkmen M. Treatment for distal tibial fractures with intramedullary nails and blocking screws. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology201222395\u2013401. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-011-0853-3)"},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Materials and Structures","article-title":"with the definition (by Mohr) of positive","volume":"5","author":"Lagace","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lagace PA. with the definition (by Mohr) of positive and negative shear: \u201cPositive shear would cause a clockwise rotation of the infinitesimal element about the element center.\u201dMaterials and Structures20085. Available at: https:\/\/web.mit.edu\/16.unified\/www\/FALL\/materials\/documents\/HO-M-6(Mohrs(08.pdf"},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma","first-page":"98","article-title":"Effect of distal interlocking screw number and position after intramedullary nailing of distal tibial fractures: a biomechanical study simulating immediate weight-bearing","volume":"29","author":"Chan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chan DSNayak ANBlaisdell GJames CRDenard AMiles J & Santoni BG. Effect of distal interlocking screw number and position after intramedullary nailing of distal tibial fractures: a biomechanical study simulating immediate weight-bearing. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma20152998\u2013104. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000195)"},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma","first-page":"251","article-title":"Effect of blocking screws on union of infraisthmal femur fractures stabilized with a retrograde intramedullary nail","volume":"32","author":"Van Dyke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Dyke BColley ROttomeyer CPalmer R & Pugh K. Effect of blocking screws on union of infraisthmal femur fractures stabilized with a retrograde intramedullary nail. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma201832251\u2013255. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001119)"},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Trauma Surgery and Acute Care Open","first-page":"e000203","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures with third fragments: a retrospective analysis of risk factors for delayed union","volume":"4","author":"Hamahashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamahashi KUchiyama YKobayashi YEbihara GUkai T & Watanabe M. Clinical outcomes of intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures with third fragments: a retrospective analysis of risk factors for delayed union. Trauma Surgery and Acute Care Open20194e000203. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tsaco-2018-000203)"},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"BioMed Research International","first-page":"e","article-title":"Radiologic outcomes of intramedullary nailing in infraisthmal femur-shaft fracture with or without poller screws","volume":"2019","author":"Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song SH. Radiologic outcomes of intramedullary nailing in infraisthmal femur-shaft fracture with or without poller screws. BioMed Research International20192019e9412379. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/9412379)"},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"510","article-title":"A more practical way to place a correct Poller (blocking) screw","volume":"47","author":"\u00d6zmeri\u00e7","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00d6zmeri\u00e7 A & Alemdaro\u011flu KB. A more practical way to place a correct Poller (blocking) screw. Injury201647510\u2013511. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2015.11.036)"},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"ISRN Orthopedics","first-page":"542623","article-title":"Distal tibial metaphyseal fractures: does blocking screw extend the indication of intramedullary nailing?","volume":"2014","author":"Moongilpatti Sengodan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moongilpatti Sengodan MVaidyanathan SKarunanandaganapathy SSubbiah Subramanian S & Rajamani SG. Distal tibial metaphyseal fractures: does blocking screw extend the indication of intramedullary nailing?ISRN Orthopedics20142014542623. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/542623)"},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","first-page":"2947","article-title":"Correlation of shear to compression for progressive fracture obliquity","volume":"466","author":"Lowenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lowenberg DWNork S & Abruzzo FM. Correlation of shear to compression for progressive fracture obliquity. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research20084662947\u20132954. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-008-0515-x)"},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Shear movement at the fracture site delays healing in a diaphyseal fracture model","volume":"21","author":"Augat","year":"2003","unstructured":"Augat PBurger JSchorlemmer SHenke TPeraus M & Claes L. Shear movement at the fracture site delays healing in a diaphyseal fracture model. Journal of Orthopaedic Research2003211011\u20131017. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0736-0266(0300098-6)"}],"container-title":["EFORT Open Reviews"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eor.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eor\/9\/4\/EOR-23-0183.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eor.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/eor\/9\/4\/EOR-23-0183.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eor.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/eor\/9\/4\/EOR-23-0183.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:51:17Z","timestamp":1784555477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/eor\/article\/9\/4\/252-263\/2630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eor-23-0183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2058-5241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2058-5241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]}}}