{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:05:40Z","timestamp":1787508340976,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eor.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Despite the common occurrence of radial head fractures, there is still a lack of consensus on which radial head fractures should be treated surgically.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The radial head is an important secondary stabilizer in almost all directions. An insufficient radial head can lead to increased instability in varus\u2013valgus and posterolateral rotatory directions, especially in a ligament-deficient elbow.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The decision to perform surgery is often not dictated by the fracture pattern alone but also by the presence of associated injury. Comminution of the radial head and complete loss of cortical contact of at least one fracture fragment are associated with a high occurrence of associated injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Nondisplaced and minimally displaced radial head fractures can be treated non-operatively with early mobilization. Displacement (&gt;2 mm) of fragments in radial head fractures without a mechanical block to pronation\/supination is not a clear indication for surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Mechanical block to pronation\/supination and comminution of the fracture are indications for surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The following paper reviews the current literature and provides state-of-the-art guidance on which radial head fractures should be treated surgically.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eor-24-0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T07:04:39Z","timestamp":1715324679000},"page":"413-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Which radial head fractures are best treated surgically?"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6244-7946","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna E van der","family":"Windt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisette C","family":"Langenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost W","family":"Colaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Eygendaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction","first-page":"71","article-title":"The incidence of associated fractures of the upper limb in fractures of the radial head","volume":"3","author":"Kaas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaas Lvan Riet RPVroemen JP & Eygendaal D. The incidence of associated fractures of the upper limb in fractures of the radial head. Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction2008371\u201374. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11751-008-0038-8)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"520","article-title":"The epidemiology of radial head fractures","volume":"19","author":"Kaas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaas Lvan Riet RPVroemen JP & Eygendaal D. The epidemiology of radial head fractures. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery201019520\u2013523. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2009.10.015)"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"1555","article-title":"Osteoporosis and radial head fractures in female patients: a case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Kaas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaas LSierevelt INVroemen JPvan Dijk CN & Eygendaal D. Osteoporosis and radial head fractures in female patients: a case-control study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery2012211555\u20131558. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2012.03.007)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"174S","article-title":"Stability of the elbow: osseous constraints","volume":"14","author":"Morrey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morrey BF & An KN. Stability of the elbow: osseous constraints. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery200514174S\u2013178S. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2004.09.031)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England","first-page":"469","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of radial head fractures: a national survey and review of the literature","volume":"105","author":"Barakat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barakat AMcDonald C & Singh H. Current concepts in the management of radial head fractures: a national survey and review of the literature. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England2023105469\u2013475. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/rcsann.2022.0109)"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"517","article-title":"Zona Conoidea of the elbow: another articulation between the radial head and lateral trochlear of the elbow","volume":"94","author":"Jeon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeon IHChun JMLee CSYoon JOKim PTAn KNMorrey BF & Shin HD. Zona Conoidea of the elbow: another articulation between the radial head and lateral trochlear of the elbow. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery201294517\u2013522. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.94B4.27842)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"244","article-title":"Fractures of the radial head with distal radio-ulnar dislocation; report of two cases","volume":"33B","author":"Essex-Lopresti","year":"1951","unstructured":"Essex-Lopresti P. Fractures of the radial head with distal radio-ulnar dislocation; report of two cases. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery195133B244\u2013247."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"195S","article-title":"Kinematics and stability of the fractured and implant-reconstructed radial head","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson JABeingessner DMGordon KDDunning CEStacpoole RA & King GJ. Kinematics and stability of the fractured and implant-reconstructed radial head. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery200514195S\u2013201S. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2004.09.034)"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"238","article-title":"Elbow joint kinematics after excision of the radial head","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jensen SLOlsen BS & Sojbjerg JO. Elbow joint kinematics after excision of the radial head. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery19998238\u2013241. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1058-2746(9990135-0)"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"1730","article-title":"The effect of radial head excision and arthroplasty on elbow kinematics and stability","volume":"86","author":"Beingessner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beingessner DMDunning CEGordon KDJohnson JA & King GJ. The effect of radial head excision and arthroplasty on elbow kinematics and stability. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery2004861730\u20131739. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-200408000-00018)"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"975","article-title":"Coronoid process and radial head as posterolateral rotatory stabilizers of the elbow","volume":"86","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schneeberger AGSadowski MM & Jacob HA. Coronoid process and radial head as posterolateral rotatory stabilizers of the elbow. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery200486975\u2013982. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-200405000-00013)"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Instructional Course Lectures","first-page":"89","article-title":"The unstable elbow","volume":"50","author":"O'Driscoll","year":"2001","unstructured":"O'Driscoll SWJupiter JBKing GJHotchkiss RN & Morrey BF. The unstable elbow. Instructional Course Lectures20015089\u2013102. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-200005000-00013)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"British Journal of Surgery","first-page":"123","article-title":"Some observations on fractures of the head of the radius with a review of one hundred cases","volume":"42","author":"Mason","year":"1954","unstructured":"Mason ML. Some observations on fractures of the head of the radius with a review of one hundred cases. British Journal of Surgery195442123\u2013132. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.18004217203)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Ulster Medical Journal","first-page":"51","article-title":"A follow-up of one hundred cases of fracture of the head of the radius with a review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Johnston","year":"1962","unstructured":"Johnston GW. A follow-up of one hundred cases of fracture of the head of the radius with a review of the literature. Ulster Medical Journal19623151\u201356."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","first-page":"109","article-title":"Results of treatment of fracture-dislocations of the elbow","volume":"216","author":"Broberg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Broberg MA & Morrey BF. Results of treatment of fracture-dislocations of the elbow. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research1987216109\u2013119. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003086-198703000-00017)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"603","article-title":"Apparently isolated partial articular fractures of the radial head: prevalence and reliability of radiographically diagnosed displacement","volume":"16","author":"Doornberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doornberg JElsner AKloen PMarti RKvan Dijk CN & Ring D. Apparently isolated partial articular fractures of the radial head: prevalence and reliability of radiographically diagnosed displacement. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery200716603\u2013608. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2006.10.015)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Science of variation G. Interobserver reliability of radial head fracture classification: two-dimensional compared with three-dimensional CT","volume":"93","author":"Guitton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guitton TG & Ring D. Science of variation G. Interobserver reliability of radial head fracture classification: two-dimensional compared with three-dimensional CT. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery2011932015\u20132021. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.J.00711)"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons","first-page":"1","article-title":"Displaced fractures of the radial head: internal fixation or excision?","volume":"5","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hotchkiss RN. Displaced fractures of the radial head: internal fixation or excision?Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons199751\u201310. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/00124635-199701000-00001)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","first-page":"130","article-title":"Documentation of associated injuries occurring with radial head fracture","volume":"466","author":"van Riet","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Riet RP & Morrey BF. Documentation of associated injuries occurring with radial head fracture. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research2008466130\u2013134. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-007-0064-8)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","first-page":"351","article-title":"Associated injuries complicating radial head fractures: a demographic study","volume":"441","author":"van Riet","year":"2005","unstructured":"van Riet RPMorrey BFO'Driscoll SW & Van Glabbeek F. Associated injuries complicating radial head fractures: a demographic study. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research2005441351\u2013355. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.blo.0000180606.30981.78)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"21","article-title":"Radial head fractures: loss of cortical contact is associated with concomitant fracture or dislocation","volume":"19","author":"Rineer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rineer CAGuitton TG & Ring D. Radial head fractures: loss of cortical contact is associated with concomitant fracture or dislocation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery20101921\u201325. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2009.05.015)"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Acta Orthopaedica","first-page":"373","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 46 elbows with a radial head fracture","volume":"81","author":"Kaas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaas LTurkenburg JLvan Riet RPVroemen JP & Eygendaal D. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 46 elbows with a radial head fracture. Acta Orthopaedica201081373\u2013376. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17453674.2010.483988)"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"421","article-title":"Radial head fractures: MRI evaluation of associated injuries","volume":"14","author":"Itamura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Itamura JRoidis NMirzayan RVaishnav SLearch T & Shean C. Radial head fractures: MRI evaluation of associated injuries. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery200514421\u2013424. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2004.11.003)"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"1282","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in radial head fractures: most associated injuries are not clinically relevant","volume":"20","author":"Kaas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaas Lvan Riet RPTurkenburg JLVroemen JPvan Dijk CN & Eygendaal D. Magnetic resonance imaging in radial head fractures: most associated injuries are not clinically relevant. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery2011201282\u20131288. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2011.06.011)"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Management of Mason type 1 radial head fractures: a regional survey and a review of literature","volume":"24","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahmoud SSMoideen ANKotwal R & Mohanty K. Management of Mason type 1 radial head fractures: a regional survey and a review of literature. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology2014241133\u20131137. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-013-1386-8)"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"387","article-title":"Objective analysis of lateral elbow exposure with the extensor digitorum communis split compared with the Kocher interval","volume":"96","author":"Desloges","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desloges WLouati HPapp SR & Pollock JW. Objective analysis of lateral elbow exposure with the extensor digitorum communis split compared with the Kocher interval. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery201496387\u2013393. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.M.00001)"},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"1509","article-title":"Fracture mapping of displaced partial articular fractures of the radial head","volume":"25","author":"Mellema","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mellema JJEygendaal Dvan Dijk CNRing D & Doornberg JN. Fracture mapping of displaced partial articular fractures of the radial head. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery2016251509\u20131516. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2016.01.030)"},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","article-title":"Elbow arthroscopy for the treatment of radial head fractures: surgical technique and 10 years of follow up results compared to open surgery","volume":"12","author":"Guerra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guerra EMarinelli ATortorella FFloter MDSRitali ASessa ACarbone G & Cavallo M. Elbow arthroscopy for the treatment of radial head fractures: surgical technique and 10 years of follow up results compared to open surgery. Journal of Clinical Medicine202312. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12041558)"},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"233.e1","article-title":"Arthroscopic treatment of fractures of the radial head","volume":"22","author":"Rolla","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rolla PRSurace MFBini A & Pilato G. Arthroscopic treatment of fractures of the radial head. Arthroscopy200622233.e1\u2013233.e6. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.10.003)"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Complex radial head and neck fractures treated with modern locking plate fixation","volume":"28","author":"Gruszka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gruszka DNowak TETkacz TWagner D & Rommens PM. Complex radial head and neck fractures treated with modern locking plate fixation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery2019281130\u20131138. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2018.11.056)"},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"e111","article-title":"A biomechanical study of headless compression screws versus a locking plate in radial head fracture fixation","volume":"28","author":"Rebgetz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rebgetz PRDaniele LUnderhill IDOchsner A & Taylor FJ. A biomechanical study of headless compression screws versus a locking plate in radial head fracture fixation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery201928e111\u2013e116. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2018.10.008)"},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"Joint Diseases and Related Surgery","first-page":"716","article-title":"Comparing the outcomes of tripod technique and locked plate fixation for the treatment of Mason type 3 radial head fractures","volume":"34","author":"Adiguzel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adiguzel \u0130FOrman OUnkar EABaydar MEren M & Ozturk K. Comparing the outcomes of tripod technique and locked plate fixation for the treatment of Mason type 3 radial head fractures. Joint Diseases and Related Surgery202334716\u2013723. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52312\/jdrs.2023.1161)"},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery","first-page":"582.e1","article-title":"Outcomes of radial head fractures treated with the \"tripod technique\"","volume":"47","author":"Model","year":"2022","unstructured":"Model ZMerchan NRozental TD & Harper CM. Outcomes of radial head fractures treated with the \"tripod technique\". Journal of Hand Surgery202247582.e1\u2013e5. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2021.06.014)"},{"key":"bib34","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"2438","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of radial head arthroplasty for radial head fractures-a systematic review at minimum 8-year follow-up","volume":"30","author":"Davey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davey MSDavey MGHurley ETGalbraith JGMolony DMullett H & Pauzenberger L. Long-term outcomes of radial head arthroplasty for radial head fractures-a systematic review at minimum 8-year follow-up. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery2021302438\u20132444. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2021.03.142)"},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery","article-title":"Radial head arthroplasty for fracture: implant survivorship and outcomes at mean follow-up of 8 years","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Campbell BRRengifo SWickes CBAmer KM & Ilyas AM. Radial head arthroplasty for fracture: implant survivorship and outcomes at mean follow-up of 8 years. Journal of Hand Surgery2023. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2023.04.020)"},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery","first-page":"989","article-title":"The unsalvageable radial head in patients aged 30 years and younger","volume":"46","author":"Sims","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sims LAAibinder WRKing GJW & Faber KJ. The unsalvageable radial head in patients aged 30 years and younger. Journal of Hand Surgery202146989\u2013997. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2021.06.011)"},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Overlengthening of the radial column in radial head replacement: a review of the literature and presentation of a classification system","volume":"141","author":"Wegmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wegmann KHackl MLeschinger TBurkhart KJ & Muller LP. Overlengthening of the radial column in radial head replacement: a review of the literature and presentation of a classification system. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery20211411525\u20131539. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-020-03619-9)"},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Musculoskeletal Surgery","first-page":"17","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after internal fixation, arthroplasty and resection for treatment of comminuted radial head fractures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Chaijenkij","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaijenkij KArirachakaran A & Kongtharvonskul J. Clinical outcomes after internal fixation, arthroplasty and resection for treatment of comminuted radial head fractures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Musculoskeletal Surgery202110517\u201329. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12306-020-00679-3)"},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"Shoulder and Elbow","first-page":"193","article-title":"Indications and outcomes of radial head excision: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hildebrand AHZhang BHorner NSKing GKhan M & Alolabi B. Indications and outcomes of radial head excision: a systematic review. Shoulder and Elbow202012193\u2013202. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1758573219864305)"},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"73","article-title":"Displaced Mason type I fractures of the radial head and neck in adults: a fifteen- to thirty-three-year follow-up study","volume":"14","author":"Herbertsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herbertsson PJosefsson POHasserius RKarlsson CBesjakov J & Karlsson MK. Displaced Mason type I fractures of the radial head and neck in adults: a fifteen- to thirty-three-year follow-up study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery20051473\u201377. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2004.07.001)"},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma","first-page":"134","article-title":"Comparison of early mobilization protocols in radial head fractures","volume":"27","author":"Paschos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paschos NKMitsionis GIVasiliadis HS & Georgoulis AD. Comparison of early mobilization protocols in radial head fractures. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma201327134\u2013139. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31825cf765)"},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"1564","article-title":"Long-term results and treatment modalities of conservatively treated Broberg-Morrey type 1 radial head fractures","volume":"45","author":"Smits","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smits AJGiannakopoulos GF & Zuidema WP. Long-term results and treatment modalities of conservatively treated Broberg-Morrey type 1 radial head fractures. Injury2014451564\u20131568. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2014.05.034)"},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"1216","article-title":"The yield of subsequent radiographs during nonoperative treatment of radial head and neck fractures","volume":"25","author":"Burton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burton KRMellema JJMenendez MERing D & Chen NC. The yield of subsequent radiographs during nonoperative treatment of radial head and neck fractures. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery2016251216\u20131222. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2016.03.007)"},{"key":"bib44","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma","first-page":"e291","article-title":"Evaluating the utility of follow-up radiographs for isolated radial head fractures undergoing initial nonoperative treatment","volume":"33","author":"Fenoglio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fenoglio AKStephens ARZhang CPresson APTyser AR & Kazmers NH. Evaluating the utility of follow-up radiographs for isolated radial head fractures undergoing initial nonoperative treatment. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma201933e291\u2013e295. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001489)"},{"key":"bib45","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma","first-page":"e31","article-title":"Minimally displaced radial head\/neck fractures (Mason type-I, OTA types 21A2.2 and 21B2.1): are we \"over treating\" our patients?","volume":"29","author":"Shulman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shulman BSLee JHLiporace FA & Egol KA. Minimally displaced radial head\/neck fractures (Mason type-I, OTA types 21A2.2 and 21B2.1): are we \"over treating\" our patients?Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma201529e31\u2013e35. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000173)"},{"key":"bib46","series-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery","first-page":"1416","article-title":"Treatment of Mason type II radial head fractures without associated fractures or elbow dislocation: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Kaas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaas LStruijs PARing Dvan Dijk CN & Eygendaal D. Treatment of Mason type II radial head fractures without associated fractures or elbow dislocation: a systematic review. Journal of Hand Surgery2012371416\u20131421. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.03.042)"},{"key":"bib47","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"487","article-title":"The treatment of isolated Mason type II radial head fractures: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Lanzerath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lanzerath FHackl MWegmann KMuller LP & Leschinger T. The treatment of isolated Mason type II radial head fractures: a systematic review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery202130487\u2013494. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2020.10.011)"},{"key":"bib48","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"1670","article-title":"Operative vs. nonoperative treatment for Mason type 2 radial head fractures: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Mulders","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mulders MAMSchep NWLde Muinck Keizer ROKodde IFHoogendoorn JMGoslings JC & Eygendaal D. Operative vs. nonoperative treatment for Mason type 2 radial head fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery2021301670\u20131678. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2021.02.025)"},{"key":"bib49","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"642","article-title":"Displaced fractures of the neck of the radius in adults. An excellent long-term outcome","volume":"88","author":"Akesson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Akesson THerbertsson PJosefsson POHasserius RBesjakov J & Karlsson MK. Displaced fractures of the neck of the radius in adults. An excellent long-term outcome. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery200688642\u2013644. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.88B5.17226)"},{"key":"bib50","series-title":"Shoulder and Elbow","first-page":"212","article-title":"Radial head fractures","volume":"12","author":"van Riet","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Riet RPvan den Bekerom MVan Tongel ASpross CBarco R & Watts AC. Radial head fractures. Shoulder and Elbow202012212\u2013223. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1758573219876921)"},{"key":"bib51","series-title":"European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Open reduction and internal fixation of modified Mason type III\/IV radial head fractures with more than three fragments: an analysis of the clinical outcome and reoperation rate","volume":"34","author":"Helmstetter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Helmstetter TManiglio MFornaciari PTannast M & Vial P. Open reduction and internal fixation of modified Mason type III\/IV radial head fractures with more than three fragments: an analysis of the clinical outcome and reoperation rate. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology2024341121\u20131130. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-023-03772-y)"},{"key":"bib52","series-title":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Ex situ reconstruction of comminuted radial head fractures: is it truly worth a try?","volume":"139","author":"Everding","year":"2019","unstructured":"Everding JRaschke MJPolgart PGruneweller NWahnert D & Schliemann B. Ex situ reconstruction of comminuted radial head fractures: is it truly worth a try?Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery20191391723\u20131729. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-019-03250-3)"},{"key":"bib53","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research","first-page":"503","article-title":"Clinical and radiological outcome of Mason-Johnston types III and IV radial head fractures treated by an on-table reconstruction","volume":"17","author":"Kastenberger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kastenberger TKaiser PSpicher AStock KBenedikt SSchmidle G & Arora R. Clinical and radiological outcome of Mason-Johnston types III and IV radial head fractures treated by an on-table reconstruction. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research202217503. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-022-03394-w)"},{"key":"bib54","series-title":"Chinese Journal of Traumatology","first-page":"288","article-title":"On-table reconstruction and fixation of Mason type III radial head fractures","volume":"18","author":"Kiran Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kiran Kumar GNSharma GFarooque KSharma VJain VSingh R & Morey V. On-table reconstruction and fixation of Mason type III radial head fractures. Chinese Journal of Traumatology201518288\u2013292. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjtee.2015.11.005)"},{"key":"bib55","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","first-page":"2215","article-title":"Preserving the radial head in comminuted Mason type III fractures without fixation to the radial shaft: a mid-term clinical and radiographic follow-up study","volume":"28","author":"Gregori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gregori MZott SHajdu S & Braunsteiner T. Preserving the radial head in comminuted Mason type III fractures without fixation to the radial shaft: a mid-term clinical and radiographic follow-up study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery2019282215\u20132224. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2019.07.036)"},{"key":"bib56","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"223","article-title":"Comminuted fractures of the radial head and neck: is fixation to the shaft necessary?","volume":"93","author":"Neumann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neumann MNyffeler R & Beck M. Comminuted fractures of the radial head and neck: is fixation to the shaft necessary?Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery201193223\u2013228. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.93B2.24760)"},{"key":"bib57","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery","first-page":"1811","article-title":"Open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the radial head","volume":"84","author":"Ring","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ring DQuintero J & Jupiter JB. Open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the radial head. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery2002841811\u20131815. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-200210000-00011)"}],"container-title":["EFORT Open Reviews"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eor.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eor\/9\/5\/EOR-24-0035.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eor.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/eor\/9\/5\/EOR-24-0035.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eor.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/eor\/9\/5\/EOR-24-0035.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:51:24Z","timestamp":1784555484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/eor\/article\/9\/5\/413-421\/2706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eor-24-0035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2058-5241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2058-5241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}}}