{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:23:47Z","timestamp":1790166227759,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["erc.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The concept of targeting cancer therapeutics toward specific mutations or abnormalities in tumor cells, which are not found in normal tissues, has the potential advantages of high selectivity for the tumor and correspondingly low secondary toxicities. Many human malignancies display activating mutations in the Ras family of signal-transducing genes or over-activity of p21\n                    <jats:sup>Ras<\/jats:sup>\n                    -signaling pathways. Carcinoid and other neuroendocrine tumors have been similarly demonstrated to have activation of Ras signaling directly by mutations in Ras, indirectly by loss of Ras-regulatory proteins, or via constitutive activation of upstream or downstream effector pathways of Ras, such as growth factor receptors or PI\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -kinase and Raf\/mitogen-activated protein kinases. We previously reported that aberrant activation of Ras signaling sensitizes cells to apoptosis when the activity of the PKC\u03b4 isozyme is suppressed and that PKC\u03b4 suppression is not toxic to cells with normal levels of p21\n                    <jats:sup>Ras<\/jats:sup>\n                    signaling. We demonstrate here that inhibition of PKC\u03b4 by a number of independent means, including genetic mechanisms (shRNA) or small-molecule inhibitors, is able to efficiently and selectively repress the growth of human neuroendocrine cell lines derived from bronchopulmonary, foregut, or hindgut tumors. PKC\u03b4 inhibition in these tumors also efficiently induced apoptosis. Exposure to small-molecule inhibitors of PKC\u03b4 over a period of 24\u200ah is sufficient to significantly suppress cell growth and clonogenic capacity of these tumor cell lines. Neuroendocrine tumors are typically refractory to conventional therapeutic approaches. This Ras-targeted therapeutic approach, mediated through PKC\u03b4 suppression, which selectively takes advantage of the very oncogenic mutations that contribute to the malignancy of the tumor, may hold potential as a novel therapeutic modality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-10-0224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]],"date-time":"2011-10-11T23:36:27Z","timestamp":1318376187000},"page":"759-771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Protein kinase C\u03b4 inactivation inhibits cellular proliferation and decreases survival in human neuroendocrine tumors"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lora W","family":"Forman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asami","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regine A","family":"Bohacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas V","family":"Faller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1_5736797","first-page":"745","volume":"6","author":"Arber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &amp; 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