{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:18:28Z","timestamp":1784557108728,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["erc.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Carrying excess body fat is a leading cause of cancer. Epidemiologic evidence gives strong clues about the mechanisms that link excess adiposity to risk for several cancer sites. For postmenopausal breast cancer and endometrial cancer, the hyper-estrogenic state that is induced by excess body fatness is the likely cause. For esophageal cancer and gallbladder cancer, chronic local inflammation induced by acid reflux and gallstones is the likely cause, and for liver cancer, local inflammation induced by hepatic fatty infiltration is the likely cause. However, for several other cancers known to be associated with excess adiposity, including cancers of the colon, pancreas, ovary, kidney, and prostate, specific causes are not known. Possible candidates include elevated systemic or local tissue inflammation induced by adiposity and effects of the elevated levels of leptin, insulin, IGFs, and depressed immune function that are seen with excess adiposity. There is growing evidence that intentional weight loss not only reduces circulating levels of cancer-associated factors but that it also reduces cancer incidence and recurrence. Better research is needed to understand the mechanisms that link excess body fat to cancer risk as well as to understand the amount of weight loss needed for substantial cancer risk reduction. Finally, as we develop better understanding of the mediators of the effects of excess body fatness on cancer risk, we should identify pharmacologic interventions that target those mediators so that they can be used to complement weight loss in order to reduce cancer risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-14-0580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]],"date-time":"2015-04-13T22:51:53Z","timestamp":1428965513000},"page":"R125-R134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Body fatness as a cause of cancer: epidemiologic clues to biologic mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Byers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L","family":"Sedjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"1_50584829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-014-1359-y","volume":"24","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity surgery : the official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0960-8923","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2_37635527","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq135","volume":"172","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9262","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"3_50584830","first-page":"61","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1093-9946","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"4_50584831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.06.021","volume":"49","year":"2013","journal-title":"European journal of cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0014-2964","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"5_49663877","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27016","volume":"60","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0270-9139","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_31175212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-07-0064","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1351-0088","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"7_38346718","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq300","volume":"172","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9262","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"14","key":"8_18136093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1701","volume":"291","author":"The Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"9_50584832","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71123-4","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"The lancet oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1470-2045","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"10_37197872","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.63","volume":"170","author":"Arslan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-9926","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"11_47317611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12069","volume":"92","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-6349","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"12_38178481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7264","volume":"97","author":"Bueter","year":"2010","journal-title":"The British journal of surgery","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1323","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"13_44843060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01464.x","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"DIABETES OBESITY METABOLISM"},{"issue":"17","key":"14_17599115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021423","volume":"348","author":"Calle","year":"2003","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"15_18086366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2003.03.001","volume":"13","author":"Carmichael","year":"2004","journal-title":"Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0960-9776","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"16_50584833","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.02.063","volume":"48","year":"2012","journal-title":"European journal of cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0014-2964","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"17_45862578","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0042","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &amp; Prevention","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1055-9965","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"24","key":"18_23099542","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj494","volume":"98","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-8874","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"19_43555098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2008.08.025","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"SURGERY FOR OBESITY AND RELATED DISEASES"},{"issue":"12","key":"20_28386438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22578","volume":"120","author":"Cust","year":"2007","journal-title":"International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7136","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"21_50527352","first-page":"1","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF OBESITY"},{"key":"22_50584834","first-page":"680536","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE"},{"issue":"4","key":"23_38123275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-10-0053","volume":"17","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1351-0088","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"24_22347694","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.2.193","volume":"296","author":"Eliassen","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"25_37312495","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70095-4","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"The lancet oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1470-2045","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"26_40384238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.254","volume":"105","author":"Key","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1532-1827","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"27_47575957","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70301-2","volume":"14","year":"2013","journal-title":"The lancet oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1470-2045","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6 ( Pt 2)","key":"28_13659764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-6-1034","volume":"103","author":"Garfinkel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-4819","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"29_5967842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009504","volume":"147","author":"Garland","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9262","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"30_38712330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25794","volume":"129","author":"Genkinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7136","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"31_50148779","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000351325","volume":"92","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urologia internationalis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0042-1138","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"17","key":"32_15991749","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.17.1297","volume":"87","author":"Hankinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-8874","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"33_18735461","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0001","volume":"14","author":"Harvie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &amp; Prevention","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1055-9965","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8_MeetingAbstracts","key":"34_42544841","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2012-3029","volume":"72","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"35_50584835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106677","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106677","volume":"9","year":"2014","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1932-6203","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"37_49164030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28528","volume":"134","year":"2014","journal-title":"International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7136","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"38_49099849","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28589","volume":"134","year":"2014","journal-title":"International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7136","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"16","key":"39_17775129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg022","volume":"95","author":"Endogenous Hormones Breast Cancer Collaborative Gr","year":"2003","journal-title":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0027-8874","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"40_48655616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0699-T","volume":"23","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &amp; Prevention","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1055-9965","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"41_35744249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24952","volume":"126","author":"Lahmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7136","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"42_40321632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.06.049","volume":"60","author":"Ljungberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"European urology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0302-2838","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"43_27931796","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0048","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0149-5992","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"44_48055566","first-page":"1499","volume":"1831","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0006-3002","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"45_45981368","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0337","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &amp; Prevention","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1055-9965","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"46_50584836","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.03.015","volume":"49","year":"2013","journal-title":"European journal of cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0014-2964","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"47_45194396","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-12-0395","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1351-0088","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"48_50584837","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802437","volume":"27","year":"2003","journal-title":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY AND RELATED METABOLIC DISORDERS"},{"issue":"1","key":"49_37939911","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181ec5c66","volume":"45","author":"Polyzos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of clinical gastroenterology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0192-0790","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"50_42979732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-0481-T","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &amp; Prevention","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1055-9965","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"51_37613713","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-010-0990-0","volume":"123","author":"Protani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast cancer research and treatment","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0167-6806","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"52_35724113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24927","volume":"126","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7136","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"53_42603696","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R76","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3186","volume":"14","author":"Ritte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast cancer research : BCR","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1465-5411","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"54_48114468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e328360f434","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0959-8278","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"55_17146894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","volume":"288","author":"Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative In","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"56_42691358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27645","volume":"132","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7136","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"20","key":"57_45948091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.48.2596","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0732-183X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"58_50584838","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.05.009","volume":"11","year":"2013","journal-title":"CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY"},{"issue":"7","key":"59_35197154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70159-7","volume":"10","author":"Sjostrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"The lancet oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1470-2045","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"60_41892330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-0038","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &amp; Prevention","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1055-9965","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"61_48538103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-3127-9","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surgical endoscopy","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0930-2794","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"62_50316088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.08.025","volume":"135","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecologic oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-8258","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"63_50584839","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28989","volume":"136","year":"2015","journal-title":"International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7136","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"64_50584840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28813","volume":"135","year":"2014","journal-title":"International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7136","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"65_42765915","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.2741\/4070","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1093-9946","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"11","key":"66_43557552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0066","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Oncologist","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1083-7159","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"67_50584841","first-page":"63","volume":"133","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecologic oncology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-8258","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Endocrine-Related Cancer"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/erc\/22\/3\/R125.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/erc\/22\/3\/R125.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:52:54Z","timestamp":1784555574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/erc\/article\/22\/3\/R125-R134\/34007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/erc-14-0580","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0088","1479-6821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0088","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-6821","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]]}}}