{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:49:41Z","timestamp":1791233381577,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["erc.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are highly vascular neoplasms overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as VEGF receptors (VEGFR). Axitinib is a potent, selective inhibitor of VEGFR-1, -2 and -3, currently approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. We performed an open-label, two-stage design, phase II trial of axitinib 5mg twice daily in patients with progressive unresectable\/metastatic low-to-intermediate grade carcinoid tumors. The primary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and 12-month PFS rate. The secondary end points included time to treatment failure (TTF), overall survival (OS), overall radiographic response rate (ORR), biochemical response rate and safety. A total of 30 patients were enrolled and assessable for toxicity; 22 patients were assessable for response. After a median follow-up of 29months, we observed a median PFS of 26.7months (95% CI, 11.4\u201335.1), with a 12-month PFS rate of 74.5% (\u00b110.2). The median OS was 45.3 months (95% CI, 24.4\u201345.3), and the median TTF was 9.6months (95% CI, 5.5\u201312). The best radiographic response was partial response (PR) in 1\/30 (3%) and stable disease (SD) in 21\/30 patients (70%); 8\/30 patients (27%) were unevaluable due to early withdrawal due to toxicity. Hypertension was the most common toxicity that developed in 27 patients (90%). Grade 3\/4 hypertension was recorded in 19 patients (63%), leading to treatment discontinuation in six patients (20%). Although axitinib appears to have an inhibitory effect on tumor growth in patients with advanced, progressive carcinoid tumors, the high rate of grade 3\/4 hypertension may represent a potential impediment to its use in unselected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-16-0008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T21:13:50Z","timestamp":1460668430000},"page":"411-418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["A phase II study of axitinib in advanced neuroendocrine tumors"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"J R","family":"Strosberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Cives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Nickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C E","family":"Atreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Venook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R K","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Valone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E K","family":"Bergsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000245900"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1316158"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.40.3147"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.4","first-page":"749","article-title":"An update on gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"28","author":"Cives","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0163"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.026"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.3901"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0652"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70465-0"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70004-3"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.9020"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.33.2056"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2012.0075","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors.","volume":"10","author":"Kulke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2003.56"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61742-X"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70136-1"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12149"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003825"},{"key":"2016060718483200000_23.5.411.19","unstructured":"Rindi G Arnold R 2010 Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. 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