{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:25:09Z","timestamp":1792110309093,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":272,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["erc.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this review is to highlight the pivotal role of androgen excess in the development of breast cancer. Available evidence suggests that testosterone controls breast epithelial growth through a balanced interaction between its two active metabolites: cell proliferation is promoted by estradiol while it is inhibited by dihydrotestosterone. A chronic overproduction of testosterone (e.g. ovarian stromal hyperplasia) results in an increased estrogen production and cell proliferation that are no longer counterbalanced by dihydrotestosterone. This shift in the androgen\/estrogen balance partakes in the genesis of ER-positive tumors. The mammary gland is a modified apocrine gland, a fact rarely considered in breast carcinogenesis. When stimulated by androgens, apocrine cells synthesize epidermal growth factor (EGF) that triggers the ErbB family receptors. These include the EGF receptor and the human epithelial growth factor 2, both well known for stimulating cellular proliferation. As a result, an excessive production of androgens is capable of directly stimulating growth in apocrine and apocrine-like tumors, a subset of ER-negative\/AR-positive tumors. The key role of androgen excess in the genesis of different subtypes of breast cancer has significant clinical implications for both treatment and prevention. Our belief stems from a thorough analysis of the literature, where an abundance of evidence is present to justify a clinical trial that would investigate the effectiveness of treating the underlying excessive androgen production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-18-0429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T10:45:32Z","timestamp":1541587532000},"page":"R81-R94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Androgen excess in breast cancer development: implications for prevention and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Secreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS \u2013 Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, 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