{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:08:45Z","timestamp":1790842125734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["erc.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pituitary tumours are benign neoplasms that derive from hormone-producing cells of the pituitary gland. While medical treatments have emerged for most subtypes, gonadotroph tumours that express follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and\/or luteinizing hormone still lack therapeutic options apart from surgery and radiotherapy. Activin ligands are physiological regulators of production and secretion of FSH by gonadotroph cells, but their role in gonadotroph tumourigenesis remains little explored. Using the L\u03b2T2 mouse gonadotroph cell line which produces FSH under activin stimulation, we first tested whether subcutaneous xenografts of L\u03b2T2 cells resulted in tumour formation in Rag2KO mice. Histological analysis confirmed the presence of L\u03b2T2 tumours with endothelial cells and macrophages in their microenvironment. FSH expression was found in a subset of clusters of L\u03b2T2 cells in the tumours. We subsequently addressed the consequences of targeting activin signalling via injection of a soluble activin decoy receptor (sActRIIB-Fc). sActRIIB-Fc treatment resulted in significantly decreased L\u03b2T2 tumour volume. Reduced Smad2 phosphorylation as well as inhibition of tumour-induced FSH production confirmed the efficient targeting of activin-downstream signalling in treated tumours. More interestingly, treated tumours showed significantly fewer endothelial cells associated with reduced Vegfa expression.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment of L\u03b2T2 cells with sActRIIB-Fc had no effect on cell proliferation or apoptosis, but Vegfa expression was inhibited, pointing to a likely paracrine effect of L\u03b2T2 cells on endothelial cells through activin-mediated Vegfa regulation. Further\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies are now needed to pinpoint the exact roles of activin signalling in these processes prior to translating these observations to the clinic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-22-0245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T09:27:49Z","timestamp":1673515669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inhibition of activin signalling reduces the growth of L\u03b2T2 gonadotroph pituitary tumours in mouse"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Audrey","family":"Ziverec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Chanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perrine","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirela Diana","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Endocrinology Department, \u201cC.I. Parhon\u201d National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"De Alcubierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arja","family":"Pasternack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Ritvos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9517-338X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gerald","family":"Raverot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Lyon Est, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Reference center for rare pituitary disease (HYPO), Groupement Hospitalier EST, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8064-8269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philippe","family":"Bertolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Development","first-page":"3319","article-title":"Immortalization of pituitary cells at discrete stages of development by directed oncogenesis in transgenic mice","volume":"122","author":"Alarid","year":"1996","unstructured":"Alarid ETWindle JJWhyte DBMellon PL1996Immortalization of pituitary cells at discrete stages of development by directed oncogenesis in transgenic mice. Development1223319\u20133329. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.122.10.3319)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"1248","article-title":"VEGF in signaling and disease: beyond discovery and development","volume":"176","author":"Apte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Apte RSChen DSFerrara N2019VEGF in signaling and disease: beyond discovery and development. Cell1761248\u20131264. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.021)"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Practical pituitary pathology: what does the pathologist need to know?","volume":"132","author":"Asa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Asa SL2008Practical pituitary pathology: what does the pathologist need to know?Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine1321231\u20131240. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/2008-132-1231-PPPWDT)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Oncogene","first-page":"5381","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment defines the invasive phenotype of AIP-mutation-positive pituitary tumors","volume":"38","author":"Barry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barry SCarlsen EMarques PStiles CEGadaleta EBerney DMRoncaroli FChelala CSolomou AHerincs M2019Tumor microenvironment defines the invasive phenotype of AIP-mutation-positive pituitary tumors. Oncogene385381\u20135395. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-019-0779-5)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Activin decoy receptor ActRIIB:Fc lowers FSH and therapeutically restores oocyte yield, prevents oocyte chromosome misalignments and spindle aberrations, and increases fertility in midlife female SAMP8 mice","volume":"157","author":"Bernstein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernstein LRMackenzie ACLee SJChaffin CLMerchenthaler I2016Activin decoy receptor ActRIIB:Fc lowers FSH and therapeutically restores oocyte yield, prevents oocyte chromosome misalignments and spindle aberrations, and increases fertility in midlife female SAMP8 mice. Endocrinology1571234\u20131247. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2015-1702)"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Biology of Reproduction","article-title":"2015 cell type-specific sexual dimorphism in rat pituitary gene expression during maturation","volume":"93","author":"Bjelobaba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bjelobaba IJanjic MMKucka MStojilkovic SS20152015 cell type-specific sexual dimorphism in rat pituitary gene expression during maturation. Biology of Reproduction93 21. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.115.129320)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Wound repair, scar formation, and cancer: converging on activin","volume":"26","author":"Cangkrama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cangkrama MWietecha MWerner S2020Wound repair, scar formation, and cancer: converging on activin. Trends in Molecular Medicine261107\u20131117. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.07.009)"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Molecular Endocrinology","first-page":"2092","article-title":"Clusterin and FOXL2 act concordantly to regulate pituitary gonadotroph adenoma growth","volume":"26","author":"Chesnokova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chesnokova VZonis SWawrowsky KTani YBen-Shlomo ALjubimov VMamelak ABannykh SMelmed S2012Clusterin and FOXL2 act concordantly to regulate pituitary gonadotroph adenoma growth. Molecular Endocrinology262092\u20132103. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2012-1158)"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","first-page":"21550","article-title":"G proteins and autocrine signaling differentially regulate gonadotropin subunit expression in pituitary gonadotrope","volume":"287","author":"Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi SGJia JPfeffer RLSealfon SC2012 g G proteins and autocrine signaling differentially regulate gonadotropin subunit expression in pituitary gonadotrope. Journal of Biological Chemistry28721550\u201321560. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M112.348607)"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Activin effects on neoplastic proliferation of human pituitary tumors","volume":"85","author":"Danila","year":"2000","unstructured":"Danila DCInder WJZhang XAlexander JMSwearingen BHedley-Whyte ETKlibanski A2000Activin effects on neoplastic proliferation of human pituitary tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism851009\u20131015. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.3.6473)"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"2473","article-title":"Clinical and pathological aspects of silent pituitary adenomas","volume":"104","author":"Drummond","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drummond JRoncaroli FGrossman ABKorbonits M2019Clinical and pathological aspects of silent pituitary adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism1042473\u20132489. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2018-00688)"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"International Journal of Oncology","first-page":"364","article-title":"Activin A triggers angiogenesis via regulation of VEGFA and its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Ervolino De Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ervolino De Oliveira CDourado MRSawazaki-Calone \u00cdCosta De Medeiros MRossa Junior CDe Karla Cervigne NEsquiche Leon JLambert DSalo TGraner E2020Activin A triggers angiogenesis via regulation of VEGFA and its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. International Journal of Oncology57364\u2013376. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijo.2020.5058)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","first-page":"320","article-title":"The association of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with the cystic component and haemorrhage in pituitary adenoma","volume":"10","author":"Fukui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fukui SOtani NNawashiro HYano ANomura NTokumaru AMMiyazawa TOhnuki ATsuzuki NKatoh H2003The association of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with the cystic component and haemorrhage in pituitary adenoma. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience10320\u2013324. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0967-5868(0300013-4)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Journal of Endocrinology","first-page":"R1","article-title":"LbetaT2 gonadotroph cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in response to active A","volume":"162","author":"Graham","year":"1999","unstructured":"Graham KENusser KDLow MJ1999LbetaT2 gonadotroph cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in response to active A. Journal of Endocrinology162R1\u2013R5. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1677\/joe.0.162r001)"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","first-page":"1381","article-title":"PPAR-gamma receptor ligands: novel therapy for pituitary adenomas","volume":"111","author":"Heaney","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heaney APFernando MMelmed S2003PPAR-gamma receptor ligands: novel therapy for pituitary adenomas. Journal of Clinical Investigation1111381\u20131388. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI16575)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Protein and Cell","first-page":"565","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of adult mouse pituitary reveals sexual dimorphism and physiologic demand-induced cellular plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Ho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ho YHu PPeel MTChen SCamara PGEpstein DJWu HLiebhaber SA2020Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of adult mouse pituitary reveals sexual dimorphism and physiologic demand-induced cellular plasticity. Protein and Cell11565\u2013583. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13238-020-00705-x)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"e3507","article-title":"Treatment options for gonadotroph tumors: current state and perspectives","volume":"105","author":"Ilie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ilie MDRaverot G2020Treatment options for gonadotroph tumors: current state and perspectives. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism105e3507\u2013e3518. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa497)"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Communications","article-title":"Intratumoural spatial distribution of S100B\u2009+\u2009folliculostellate cells is associated with proliferation and expression of FSH and ERalpha in gonadotroph tumours","volume":"10","author":"Ilie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ilie MDVasiljevic AChanal MGadot NChinezu LJouanneau EHennino ARaverot GBertolino P2022Intratumoural spatial distribution of S100B\u2009+\u2009folliculostellate cells is associated with proliferation and expression of FSH and ERalpha in gonadotroph tumours. Acta Neuropathologica Communications10 18. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01321-y)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","article-title":"The microenvironment of pituitary tumors-biological and therapeutic implications","volume":"11","author":"Ilie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ilie MDVasiljevic ARaverot GBertolino P2019The microenvironment of pituitary tumors-biological and therapeutic implications. Cancers (Basel)11 1605. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers11101605)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"British Journal of Cancer","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Activin A inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth and suppresses tumour angiogenesis in gastric cancer","volume":"105","author":"Kaneda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaneda HArao TMatsumoto KDe Velasco MATamura DAomatsu KKudo KSakai KNagai TFujita Y2011Activin A inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth and suppresses tumour angiogenesis in gastric cancer. British Journal of Cancer1051210\u20131217. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bjc.2011.348)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Journal of the American Society of Nephrology","first-page":"3589","article-title":"Inhibition of activin signaling slows progression of polycystic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Leonhard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leonhard WNKunnen SJPlugge AJPasternack AJianu SBVeraar KEl Bouazzaoui FHoogaars WMTen Dijke PBreuning MH2016Inhibition of activin signaling slows progression of polycystic kidney disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology273589\u20133599. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2015030287)"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Molecular and Cellular Biology","first-page":"4105","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms involving diverse histone deacetylases repress expression of the two gonadotropin beta-subunit genes in immature gonadotropes, and their actions are overcome by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lim SLuo MKoh MYang Mbin Abdul Kadir MNTan JHYe ZWang WMelamed P2007Distinct mechanisms involving diverse histone deacetylases repress expression of the two gonadotropin beta-subunit genes in immature gonadotropes, and their actions are overcome by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Molecular and Cellular Biology274105\u20134120. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MCB.00248-07)"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Endocrine Pathology","first-page":"229","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human pituitary adenomas and carcinomas","volume":"10","author":"Lloyd","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lloyd RVScheithauer BWKuroki TVidal SKovacs KStefaneanu L1999Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human pituitary adenomas and carcinomas. Endocrine Pathology10229\u2013235. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02738884)"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"3739","article-title":"Crucial role of activin a in tubulogenesis of endothelial cells induced by vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"145","author":"Maeshima","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maeshima KMaeshima AHayashi YKishi SKojima I2004Crucial role of activin a in tubulogenesis of endothelial cells induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocrinology1453739\u20133745. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2004-0213)"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Communications","article-title":"Chemokines modulate the tumour microenvironment in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"7","author":"Marques","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marques PBarry SCarlsen ECollier DRonaldson AAwad SDorward NGrieve JMendoza NMuquit S2019Chemokines modulate the tumour microenvironment in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Acta Neuropathologica Communications7 172. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-019-0830-3)"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Endocrine","first-page":"593","article-title":"The role of the tumour microenvironment in the angiogenesis of pituitary tumours","volume":"70","author":"Marques","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marques PBarry SCarlsen ECollier DRonaldson ADorward NGrieve JMendoza NNair RMuquit S2020The role of the tumour microenvironment in the angiogenesis of pituitary tumours. Endocrine70593\u2013606. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02478-z)"},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity","article-title":"Activin-A in the regulation of immunity in health and disease","volume":"104","author":"Morianos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morianos IPapadopoulou GSemitekolou MXanthou G2019Activin-A in the regulation of immunity in health and disease. Journal of Autoimmunity104 102314. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102314)"},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Endocrine Pathology","first-page":"349","article-title":"The complementary role of transcription factors in the accurate diagnosis of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas","volume":"26","author":"Nishioka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nishioka HInoshita NMete OAsa SLHayashi KTakeshita AFukuhara NYamaguchi-Okada MTakeuchi YYamada S2015The complementary role of transcription factors in the accurate diagnosis of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocrine Pathology26349\u2013355. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12022-015-9398-z)"},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"Journal of Endocrinology","first-page":"249","article-title":"Localization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors in normal and adenomatous pituitaries: detection of a non-endothelial function of VEGF in pituitary tumours","volume":"191","author":"Onofri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Onofri CTheodoropoulou MLosa MUhl ELange MArzt EStalla GKRenner U2006Localization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors in normal and adenomatous pituitaries: detection of a non-endothelial function of VEGF in pituitary tumours. Journal of Endocrinology191249\u2013261. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1677\/joe.1.06992)"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"Cancer Research","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Activin A suppresses neuroblastoma xenograft tumor growth via antimitotic and antiangiogenic mechanisms","volume":"65","author":"Panopoulou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Panopoulou EMurphy CRasmussen HBagli ERofstad EKFotsis T2005Activin A suppresses neuroblastoma xenograft tumor growth via antimitotic and antiangiogenic mechanisms. Cancer Research651877\u20131886. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-2828)"},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer","article-title":"Activin-A impairs CD8 T cell-mediated immunity and immune checkpoint therapy response in melanoma","volume":"10","author":"Pinjusic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pinjusic KDubey OAEgorova ONassiri SMeylan EFaget JConstam DB2022Activin-A impairs CD8 T cell-mediated immunity and immune checkpoint therapy response in melanoma. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer10 e004533. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2022-004533)"},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","article-title":"Immune landscape of pituitary tumors reveals association between macrophages and gonadotroph tumor invasion","volume":"105","author":"Principe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Principe MChanal MIlie MDZiverec AVasiljevic AJouanneau EHennino ARaverot GBertolino P2020Immune landscape of pituitary tumors reveals association between macrophages and gonadotroph tumor invasion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism105 3459\u20133473. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa520)"},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer","first-page":"795","article-title":"ALK7 expression in prolactinoma is associated with reduced prolactin and increased proliferation","volume":"25","author":"Principe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Principe MChanal MKaram VWierinckx AMikaelian IGadet RAuger CRaverot VJouanneau EVasiljevic A2018ALK7 expression in prolactinoma is associated with reduced prolactin and increased proliferation. Endocrine-Related Cancer25795\u2013806. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ERC-18-0082)"},{"key":"bib34","series-title":"Pathology Oncology Research","first-page":"937","article-title":"Attenuation of MAMLD1 expression suppresses the growth and migratory properties of gonadotroph pituitary adenomas","volume":"26","author":"Qi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qi JNi W2020Attenuation of MAMLD1 expression suppresses the growth and migratory properties of gonadotroph pituitary adenomas. Pathology Oncology Research26937\u2013946. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12253-019-00615-2)"},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Nature Reviews. Endocrinology","first-page":"671","article-title":"Aggressive pituitary tumours and pituitary carcinomas","volume":"17","author":"Raverot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raverot GIlie MDLasolle HAmodru VTrouillas JCastinetti FBrue T2021Aggressive pituitary tumours and pituitary carcinomas. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology17671\u2013684. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-021-00550-w)"},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets","first-page":"985","article-title":"Activin A: an emerging target for improving cancer treatment?","volume":"24","author":"Ries","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ries ASchelch KFalch DPany LHoda MAGrusch M2020Activin A: an emerging target for improving cancer treatment?Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets24985\u2013996. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14728222.2020.1799350)"},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne)","article-title":"Regulatory architecture of the LbetaT2 gonadotrope cell underlying the response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"9","author":"Ruf-Zamojski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruf-Zamojski FFribourg MGe YNair VPincas HZaslavsky ENudelman GTuminello SJWatanabe HTurgeon JL2018Regulatory architecture of the LbetaT2 gonadotrope cell underlying the response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne)9 34. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00034)"},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","article-title":"Analysis of tumor angiogenesis and immune microenvironment in non-functional pituitary endocrine tumors","volume":"8","author":"Sato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sato MTamura RTamura HMase TKosugi KMorimoto YYoshida KToda M2019Analysis of tumor angiogenesis and immune microenvironment in non-functional pituitary endocrine tumors. Journal of Clinical Medicine8 695. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8050695)"},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"Endocrinology","article-title":"Murine FSH production depends on the activin Type II receptors ACVR2A and ACVR2B","volume":"161","author":"Schang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schang GOngaro LSchultz HWang YZhou XBrule EBoehm ULee SJBernard DJ2020Murine FSH production depends on the activin Type II receptors ACVR2A and ACVR2B. Endocrinology161 bqaa056. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa056)"},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"855","article-title":"RAG-2-deficient mice lack mature lymphocytes owing to inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement","volume":"68","author":"Shinkai","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shinkai YRathbun GLam KPOltz EMStewart VMendelsohn MCharron JDatta MYoung FStall AM1992RAG-2-deficient mice lack mature lymphocytes owing to inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement. Cell68855\u2013867. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(9290029-c)"},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"Molecular Endocrinology","first-page":"2689","article-title":"Proteomic identification and functional validation of activins and bone morphogenetic protein 11 as candidate novel muscle mass regulators","volume":"22","author":"Souza","year":"2008","unstructured":"Souza TAChen XGuo YSava PZhang JHill JJYaworsky PJQiu Y2008Proteomic identification and functional validation of activins and bone morphogenetic protein 11 as candidate novel muscle mass regulators. Molecular Endocrinology222689\u20132702. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2008-0290)"},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"Molecular Endocrinology","first-page":"318","article-title":"Regulation of the rat follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit promoter by activin","volume":"17","author":"Suszko","year":"2003","unstructured":"Suszko MILo DJSuh HCamper SAWoodruff TK2003Regulation of the rat follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit promoter by activin. Molecular Endocrinology17318\u2013332. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2002-0081)"},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas and the normal pituitary gland","volume":"85","author":"Turner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Turner HENagy ZGatter KCEsiri MMHarris ALWass JA2000Angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas and the normal pituitary gland. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism851159\u20131162. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.3.6485)"},{"key":"bib44","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"776","article-title":"Purification and characterization of an FSH releasing protein from porcine ovarian follicular fluid","volume":"321","author":"Vale","year":"1986","unstructured":"Vale WRivier JVaughan JMcClintock RCorrigan AWoo WKarr DSpiess J1986Purification and characterization of an FSH releasing protein from porcine ovarian follicular fluid. Nature321776\u2013779. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/321776a0)"},{"key":"bib45","series-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","first-page":"23","article-title":"Microvascular density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in normal pituitary tissue and pituitary adenomas","volume":"26","author":"Viacava","year":"2003","unstructured":"Viacava PGasperi MAcerbi GManetti LCecconi EBonadio AGNaccarato AGAcerbi FParenti GLupi I2003Microvascular density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in normal pituitary tissue and pituitary adenomas. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation2623\u201328. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03345118)"},{"key":"bib46","series-title":"Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E","article-title":"Chromatin status and transcription factor binding to gonadotropin promoters in gonadotrope cell lines","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xie HHoffmann HMIyer AKBrayman MJNgo CSunshine MJMellon PL2017Chromatin status and transcription factor binding to gonadotropin promoters in gonadotrope cell lines. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E15 86. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12958-017-0304-z)"},{"key":"bib47","series-title":"Cancer Research","first-page":"3359","article-title":"Oncogene-induced senescence limits the progression of pancreatic neoplasia through production of activin A","volume":"80","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao YWu ZChanal MGuillaumond FGoehrig DBachy SPrincipe MZiverec AFlaman JMCollin G2020Oncogene-induced senescence limits the progression of pancreatic neoplasia through production of activin A. Cancer Research803359\u20133371. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-3763)"},{"key":"bib48","series-title":"Molecular Endocrinology","first-page":"2066","article-title":"Truncated activin type I receptor Alk4 isoforms are dominant negative receptors inhibiting activin signaling","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhou YSun HDanila DCJohnson SRSigai DPZhang XKlibanski A2000Truncated activin type I receptor Alk4 isoforms are dominant negative receptors inhibiting activin signaling. Molecular Endocrinology142066\u20132075. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/mend.14.12.0570)"}],"container-title":["Endocrine-Related Cancer"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/erc\/30\/3\/ERC-22-0245.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/erc\/30\/3\/ERC-22-0245.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/erc\/30\/3\/ERC-22-0245.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:56:22Z","timestamp":1784555782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/erc\/article\/25728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/erc-22-0245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0088","1479-6821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0088","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-6821","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]}}}