{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:20:23Z","timestamp":1784557223993,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["erc.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In some primaries, African American race\/ethnicity predisposes to higher stage and worse survival. We tested for differences in cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and other-cause mortality (OCM) in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) according to African American vs Caucasian race\/ethnicity. We hypothesized that African Americans present with higher tumor stage and grade, do not receive the same treatment, and experience worse oncological outcomes than Caucasians. Within Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we identified 1016 ACC patients: 123 (12.1%) African Americans vs 893 (87.9%) Caucasians. Propensity score matching (PSM) (age, sex, marital status, grade, T, N, and M stages, and treatment type), Poisson-smoothed cumulative incidence plots, and competing risk regression (CRR) were used. Compared to Caucasians, African Americans were more frequently unmarried (56.9% vs 35.5%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). No clinically meaningful or statistically significant differences were observed for age, grade, T, N, and M stages, as well as treatment type (all\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt; 0.05). After PSM (1:4), 123 African Americans and 492 Caucasians remained and were included in CRR analysis. In multivariable CRR models, CSM and OCM rates were not different between the two race\/ethnicities (hazard ratio: 0.84,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.3). In African Americans, 5-year CSM rates were 31.2% and 75.3% in European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) stages I-II and III-IV, respectively vs 32.9% and 75.4% in Caucasians. Overall 5-year OCM rates were 11.0% vs 10.1% in respectively African Americans and Caucasians. Unlike other primaries, in ACC, African American race\/ethnicity is not associated with higher disease stage at initial diagnosis or worse survival.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-22-0249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T12:52:29Z","timestamp":1681303949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["African American vs Caucasian race\/ethnicity in adrenocortical carcinoma patients"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9756-4632","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Panunzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montr\u00e9al Health Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Tappero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montr\u00e9al Health Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Integrated Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Hohenhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montr\u00e9al Health Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cano Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montr\u00e9al Health Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Piccinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montr\u00e9al Health Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Barletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montr\u00e9al Health Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montr\u00e9al Health Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tafuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Briganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ottavio","family":"De Cobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix K H","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derya","family":"Tilki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Terrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Integrated Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montr\u00e9al Health Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrokh F","family":"Shariat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Departments of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Bourdeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Cerruto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre I","family":"Karakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prognostics and Health 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