{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:13:04Z","timestamp":1793747584381,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["erc.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It is now apparent that growth hormone (GH), an anterior pituitary hormone predominantly regulating postnatal somatic growth and metabolism, is also expressed in extrapituitary tissues. An extrapituitary synthetic site of GH that has garnered interest is the\n                      <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      or enhanced expression of GH in carcinoma or other cancers. In a number of cancers, including carcinoma of the mammary gland, endometrium, liver, prostate, and colon, the expression of GH is independently associated with more advanced clinicopathologic parameters of the cancer. In some of these cancers, tumor human growth hormone (hGH) expression portends worse survival outcomes for patients. Functionally, tumor-derived hGH exerts both autocrine and paracrine functions on carcinoma cells and cancer-associated stroma. Expression of autocrine\/paracrine hGH in cancer drives tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy by promotion of cancer cell proliferation, survival, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, motility, invasion, cancer stem cell-like behavior, and metastasis. Autocrine\/paracrine hGH activates oncogenic signaling pathways and specific transcriptome signatures and enhances the expression of an oncogenic secretome to promote these functions. Hence, extrapituitary expression of GH in cancer promotes cancer progression independent of endocrine hGH, and may be considered as a validated target in oncology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-23-0120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T09:17:49Z","timestamp":1698225469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Autocrine\/paracrine growth hormone in cancer progression"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-0897","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipul","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China"},{"name":"The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P R China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter E","family":"Lobie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, P R China"},{"name":"Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P R China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Seminars in Cancer Biology","first-page":"66","article-title":"Mechanisms of PTEN loss in cancer: it\u2019s all about diversity","volume":"59","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Garcia","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Garcia VTawil YWise HM & Leslie NR2019Mechanisms of PTEN loss in cancer: it\u2019s all about diversity. 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