{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:21:08Z","timestamp":1784557268183,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["erc.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Olfactory neuroblastomas rarely secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone, leading to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome. However, the prevalence, timing, and triggers of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome in patients with olfactory neuroblastomas remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate these factors and conduct a literature review. Fifteen patients with olfactory neuroblastomas who underwent surgery at our institution were included. The prevalence of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome development was assessed by evaluating adrenocorticotropic hormone expression using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, 26 patients with olfactory neuroblastomas who developed ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome from previous reports were reviewed. Among the 15 patients, three (20%) showed adrenocorticotropic hormone-positive tumor cells at the time of initial surgery, and two (13%) developed ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome. The timing of developing ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome was 2.5 and 10 years following the initial treatment of olfactory neuroblastoma. Based on the literature review, nine patients with recurrent and metastatic olfactory neuroblastoma developed ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome after the initial surgery, of whom, three had confirmed disease after developing ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome, three developed during disease progression, two developed after receiving chemotherapy, and one developed after undergoing a biopsy. The timing of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome was 2.5\u201315 years after initial treatment. Our study revealed that acknowledging olfactory neuroblastomas can manifest as ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome with a certain low prevalence is crucial. Moreover, our study speculated that tumor stimulation, such as biopsy or chemotherapy, as well as disease progression, could trigger ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome onset. Thus, olfactory neuroblastomas can develop into ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome, even long after the initial treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-24-0030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T05:59:44Z","timestamp":1720418384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome in patients with olfactory neuroblastoma"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6206-6214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takuya","family":"Mikoshiba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Sekimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoto","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Kawaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University Hospital, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Education Improvement and Planning, Medical Education and Clinical Training Center, National Defense Medical College, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakiko","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, NHO Tokyo Medical Center, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Internal Medicine","first-page":"105","article-title":"A rare case of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome with recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"60","author":"Abe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abe HSuwanai HKambara NSano KShikuma JAkaoka HKanazawa AHirai HMiwa TNagao T, et al.2021A rare case of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome with recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma. Internal Medicine60105\u2013109. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.2897-19)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Ectopic adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) syndrome and small cell carcinoma of the lung-assessment of clinical implications in patients on combination chemotherapy","volume":"48","author":"Abeloff","year":"1981","unstructured":"Abeloff MDTrump DL & Baylin SB1981Ectopic adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) syndrome and small cell carcinoma of the lung-assessment of clinical implications in patients on combination chemotherapy. Cancer481082\u20131087. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(19810901)48:5<1082::aid-cncr2820480505>3.0.co;2-j)"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders","first-page":"117","article-title":"The ectopic ACTH syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Alexandraki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alexandraki KI & Grossman AB2010The ectopic ACTH syndrome. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders11117\u2013126. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-010-9139-z)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer","first-page":"R121","article-title":"Changing biological behaviour of NETs during the evolution of the disease: progress on progression","volume":"28","author":"Alexandraki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alexandraki KISpyroglou AKykalos SDaskalakis KKyriakopoulos GSotiropoulos GCKaltsas GA & Grossman AB2021Changing biological behaviour of NETs during the evolution of the disease: progress on progression. Endocrine-Related Cancer28R121\u2013R140. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ERC-20-0473)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Ultrastructural Pathology","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome secondary to olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"18","author":"Arnesen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Arnesen MAScheithauer BW & Freeman S1994Cushing\u2019s syndrome secondary to olfactory neuroblastoma. Ultrastructural Pathology1861\u201368. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/01913129409016275)"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Head and Neck","first-page":"1607","article-title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma: the Princess Margaret Hospital experience","volume":"30","author":"Bachar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bachar GGoldstein DPShah MTandon ARingash JPond GGullane PJPerez-Ordonez BGilbert RWBrown DH, et al.2008Esthesioneuroblastoma: the Princess Margaret Hospital experience. Head and Neck301607\u20131614. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.20920)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Thyroid","first-page":"618","article-title":"Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-syndrome in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: a retrospective analysis and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Barbosa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barbosa SLSRodien PLeboulleux SNiccoli-Sire PKraimps JLCaron PArchambeaud-Mouveroux FConte-Devolx BRohmer V & Grouped'Etude desTumeurs Endocrines2005Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-syndrome in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: a retrospective analysis and review of the literature. Thyroid15618\u2013623. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2005.15.618)"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Head and Neck Pathology","first-page":"22","article-title":"Sinonasal neuroendocrine neoplasms: current challenges and advances in diagnosis and treatment, with a focus on olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Bell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bell D2018Sinonasal neuroendocrine neoplasms: current challenges and advances in diagnosis and treatment, with a focus on olfactory neuroblastoma. Head and Neck Pathology1222\u201330. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12105-018-0887-5)"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Endocrinologist","first-page":"160","article-title":"Cushing syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Butt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Butt MI & Olczak SA2007Cushing syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma. Endocrinologist17160\u2013161. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TEN.0b013e31806e5bee)"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Yonsei Medical Journal","first-page":"257","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting esthesioneuroblastoma with ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Chung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chung YSNa MKu CRKim SH & Kim EH2020Adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting esthesioneuroblastoma with ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Yonsei Medical Journal61257\u2013261. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3349\/ymj.2020.61.3.257)"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","first-page":"e278","article-title":"An endocrine picture in disguise: a progressive olfactory neuroblastoma complicated with ectopic Cushing syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Clotman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clotman KTwickler MDirinck EVan Den Brande JLammens MVerhaegen ADe Block C & Van Gaal L2017An endocrine picture in disguise: a progressive olfactory neuroblastoma complicated with ectopic Cushing syndrome. AACE Clinical Case Reports3e278\u2013e283. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP161729.CR)"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Head and Neck","first-page":"82","article-title":"Long-term results of 28 esthesioneuroblastomas managed over 35 years","volume":"33","author":"de Gabory","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Gabory LAbdulkhaleq HMDarrouzet VB\u00e9b\u00e9ar J-P & Stoll D2011Long-term results of 28 esthesioneuroblastomas managed over 35 years. Head and Neck3382\u201386. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.21402)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine","first-page":"682","article-title":"Metachronous hormonal syndromes in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a case-series study","volume":"162","author":"de Mestier","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Mestier LHentic OCros JWalter TRoquin GBrixi HLombard-Bohas CHammel PDiebold M-DCouvelard A, et al.2015Metachronous hormonal syndromes in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a case-series study. Annals of Internal Medicine162682\u2013689. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M14-2132)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Case Reports","article-title":"Olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma) presenting as ectopic ACTH syndrome: always follow your nose","volume":"2019","author":"Decaestecker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Decaestecker KWijtvliet VCoremans P & Van Doninck N2019Olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma) presenting as ectopic ACTH syndrome: always follow your nose. Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Case Reports2019. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EDM-19-0093)"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine","first-page":"746","article-title":"Ectopic corticotropin syndrome and small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Clinical features, outcome, and complications","volume":"153","author":"Delisle","year":"1993","unstructured":"Delisle LBoyer MJWarr DKillinger DPayne DYeoh JL & Feld R1993Ectopic corticotropin syndrome and small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Clinical features, outcome, and complications. Archives of Internal Medicine153746\u2013752. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410060054009)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"66","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Cushing\u2019s syndrome as an adverse prognostic factor in patients who die early with small cell lung cancer","volume":"69","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dimopoulos MAFernandez JFSamaan NAHoloye PY & Vassilopoulou-Sellin R1992Paraneoplastic Cushing\u2019s syndrome as an adverse prognostic factor in patients who die early with small cell lung cancer. Cancer6966\u201371. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(19920101)69:1<66::aid-cncr2820690113>3.0.co;2-2)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Endocrine Journal","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Clinical features and management of ectopic ACTH syndrome at a single institute in Japan","volume":"57","author":"Doi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Doi MSugiyama TIzumiyama HYoshimoto T & Hirata Y2010Clinical features and management of ectopic ACTH syndrome at a single institute in Japan. Endocrine Journal571061\u20131069. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.k10e-265)"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"843","article-title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma: the UCLA experience 1970\u20131990","volume":"102","author":"Dulguerov","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dulguerov P & Calcaterra T1992Esthesioneuroblastoma: the UCLA experience 1970\u20131990. Laryngoscope102843\u2013849. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1288\/00005537-199208000-00001)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"598","article-title":"Ectopic ACTH- and\/or CRH-Producing pheochromocytomas","volume":"106","author":"Elliott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elliott PFBerhane TRagnarsson O & Falhammar H2021Ectopic ACTH- and\/or CRH-Producing pheochromocytomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism106598\u2013608. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa488)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Clinical Medicine Insights. Endocrinology and Diabetes","first-page":"1179551419825832","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing syndrome caused by an olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Familiar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Familiar C & Azcutia A2019Adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing syndrome caused by an olfactory neuroblastoma. Clinical Medicine Insights. Endocrinology and Diabetes121179551419825832. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1179551419825832)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Resident and Staff Physician","first-page":"30","article-title":"Ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"51","author":"Fish","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fish SHarish STapino E & Iqbal N2005Ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by olfactory neuroblastoma. Resident and Staff Physician5130\u201333."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery","first-page":"1924","article-title":"Metastatic esthesioneuroblastoma secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone in pediatric patients","volume":"22","author":"Galioto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Galioto SDi Petrillo APastori M & Arecchi A2011Metastatic esthesioneuroblastoma secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone in pediatric patients. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery221924\u20131929. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318210bce4)"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology","first-page":"1054","article-title":"Hyams grading as a predictor of metastasis and overall survival in esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Goshtasbi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goshtasbi KAbiri AAbouzari MSahyouni RWang BYTajudeen BAHsu FPKCadena G & Kuan EC2019Hyams grading as a predictor of metastasis and overall survival in esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis. International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology91054\u20131062. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alr.22373)"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Endocrine Practice","first-page":"e85","article-title":"Bilateral adrenalectomy: lifesaving procedure in severe Cushing syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2012","unstructured":"Han JYMirsadraei LYeh MWSuh JDYong WHBergsneider M & Heaney AP2012Bilateral adrenalectomy: lifesaving procedure in severe Cushing syndrome. Endocrine Practice18e85\u2013e90. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP11315.CR)"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Head and Neck","first-page":"699","article-title":"Location of ectopic adrenocortical hormone-secreting tumors causing Cushing\u2019s syndrome in the paranasal sinuses","volume":"31","author":"Hodish","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hodish IGiordano TJStarkman MN & Schteingart DE2009Location of ectopic adrenocortical hormone-secreting tumors causing Cushing\u2019s syndrome in the paranasal sinuses. Head and Neck31699\u2013706. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.20950)"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear","first-page":"240","article-title":"Olfactory neuroblastoma","author":"Hyams","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hyams VJBatsakis JG & Michaels L1988Olfactory neuroblastoma. In Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear, pp.240\u2013248. Washington DC, USA: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology."},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry","first-page":"1246","article-title":"Metyrapone for Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"159","author":"Inagaki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Inagaki MAkizuki NKugaya AFujii HAkechi T & Uchitomi Y2002Metyrapone for Cushing\u2019s syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry1591246. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1246)"},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"73","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an unusual presentation of olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"18","author":"Josephs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Josephs LJones LMarenette L & McKeever P2008Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an unusual presentation of olfactory neuroblastoma. Skull Base1873\u201376. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-994291)"},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"Journal of International Medical Research","first-page":"4760","article-title":"Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome associated with olfactory neuroblastoma: acquirement of adrenocorticotropic hormone expression during disease course as shown by serial immunohistochemistry examinations","volume":"46","author":"Kadoya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kadoya MKurajoh MMiyoshi AShoji TTerada TNakamoto YTsukamoto YMoriwaki YHirota S & Koyama H2018Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome associated with olfactory neuroblastoma: acquirement of adrenocorticotropic hormone expression during disease course as shown by serial immunohistochemistry examinations. Journal of International Medical Research464760\u20134768. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060517754026)"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology","first-page":"271","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical features of the ectopic ACTH syndrome in patients with gastroenteropancreatic and thoracic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"174","author":"Kamp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kamp KAlwani RAKorpershoek EFranssen GJHde Herder WW & Feelders RA2016Prevalence and clinical features of the ectopic ACTH syndrome in patients with gastroenteropancreatic and thoracic neuroendocrine tumors. European Journal of Endocrinology174271\u2013280. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-15-0968)"},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Endocrine Journal","first-page":"675","article-title":"Olfactory neuroblastoma causing ectopic ACTH syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Kanno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanno KMorokuma YTateno THirono YTaki KOsamura RY & Hirata Y2005Olfactory neuroblastoma causing ectopic ACTH syndrome. Endocrine Journal52675\u2013681. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.52.675)"},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"Endocrine Journal","first-page":"469","article-title":"Two cases of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome with olfactory neuroblastoma and literature review","volume":"55","author":"Koo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koo BKAn JHJeon KHChoi SHCho YMJang HCChung J-HLee CH & Lim S2008Two cases of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome with olfactory neuroblastoma and literature review. Endocrine Journal55469\u2013475. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.k07e-005)"},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"Contemporary Oncology","first-page":"6","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes in olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Kunc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kunc MGabrych ACzapiewski P & Sworczak K2015Paraneoplastic syndromes in olfactory neuroblastoma. Contemporary Oncology196\u201316. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/wo.2015.46283)"},{"key":"bib34","series-title":"Case Reports in Endocrinology","first-page":"6389374","article-title":"A case of Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from esthesioneuroblastoma with long term follow-up after resection","volume":"2018","author":"Matheny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matheny LNSarkar SShi HHu J-RHarmsen HAbel TWJagasia SM & Bao S2018A case of Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from esthesioneuroblastoma with long term follow-up after resection. Case Reports in Endocrinology20186389374. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6389374)"},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Clinical Nuclear Medicine","first-page":"452","article-title":"Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia due to adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting esthesioneuroblastoma on FDG PET and 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy","volume":"43","author":"Matsusaka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matsusaka YNakahara TKurihara IIwabuchi Y & Jinzaki M2018Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia due to adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting esthesioneuroblastoma on FDG PET and 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy. Clinical Nuclear Medicine43452\u2013453. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002081)"},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Endocrine Practice","first-page":"e47","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotrophic hormone production by olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"20","author":"Mayur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mayur NBordoni RELocandro D & McLaughlin M2014Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotrophic hormone production by olfactory neuroblastoma. Endocrine Practice20e47\u2013e52. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP13007.CR)"},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"Oncologist","first-page":"51","article-title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) with ectopic ACTH syndrome: a multidisciplinary case presentation from the Joan Karnell Cancer Center of Pennsylvania Hospital","volume":"15","author":"Mintzer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mintzer DMZheng SNagamine MNewman J & Benito M2010Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) with ectopic ACTH syndrome: a multidisciplinary case presentation from the Joan Karnell Cancer Center of Pennsylvania Hospital. Oncologist1551\u201358. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2009-0016)"},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"706","article-title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma: prognosis and management","volume":"32","author":"Morita","year":"1993","unstructured":"Morita AEbersold MJOlsen KDFoote RLLewis JE & Quast LM1993Esthesioneuroblastoma: prognosis and management. Neurosurgery32706\u2013715. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/00006123-199305000-00002)"},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"1526","article-title":"The diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"93","author":"Nieman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nieman LKBiller BMKFindling JWNewell-Price JSavage MOStewart PM & Montori VM2008The diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism931526\u20131540. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-0125)"},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Internet Journal of Neurosurgery","article-title":"Recurrent esthesioneuroblastoma presenting as an ACTH paraneoplastic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Rodgers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodgers SMoshel YMikolaenko IGilbert A & Babu R2012Recurrent esthesioneuroblastoma presenting as an ACTH paraneoplastic syndrome. Internet Journal of Neurosurgery8. (doi:10.5580\/2b51)."},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"Head and Neck Pathology","first-page":"562","article-title":"Ectopic ACTH production and Cushing\u2019s syndrome in a patient with parotid acinic cell carcinoma with high-grade transformation: tumor context and clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"Saluja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saluja KRavishankar SFerrarotto RZhu HPytynia KB & El-Naggar AK2020Ectopic ACTH production and Cushing\u2019s syndrome in a patient with parotid acinic cell carcinoma with high-grade transformation: tumor context and clinical implications. Head and Neck Pathology14562\u2013569. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12105-019-01054-w)"},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"Endocrine Practice","first-page":"119","article-title":"Ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome caused by an esthesioneuroblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yu JKoch CAPatsalides AChang RAltemus RMNieman LK & Pacak K2004Ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome caused by an esthesioneuroblastoma. Endocrine Practice10119\u2013124. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP.10.2.119)"},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome secondary to olfactory neuroblastoma","volume":"160","author":"Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu KRoncaroli FKearney TEwins DBeeharry DNaylor TRay DBhalla R & Gnanalingham K2018Ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome secondary to olfactory neuroblastoma. Acta Neurochirurgica1601023\u20131026. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-017-3447-y)"},{"key":"bib44","series-title":"Nuclear Medicine Communications","first-page":"539","article-title":"Value of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET\/CT in localizing the primary lesion in adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou JJu HZhu LPan YLv J & Zhang Y2019Value of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET\/CT in localizing the primary lesion in adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing syndrome. Nuclear Medicine Communications40539\u2013544. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000989)"}],"container-title":["Endocrine-Related Cancer"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/erc\/31\/9\/ERC-24-0030.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/erc\/31\/9\/ERC-24-0030.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/erc\/31\/9\/ERC-24-0030.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:56:46Z","timestamp":1784555806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/erc\/article\/25856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/erc-24-0030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0088","1479-6821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0088","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-6821","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]}}}