{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:00:34Z","timestamp":1789790434291,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":382,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 CA102701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 CA102701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005979","name":"Lustgarten Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005979","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (panNEN) is a rare malignancy and the second most common type of pancreatic cancer after pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but its etiology is poorly understood. We investigated whether the risk factors of panNEN are concordant with those known for PDAC. We performed the largest case-control study to date on panNENs, comprising 927 sporadic nonfunctional panNEN cases and 1807 frequency-matched controls, using data from the Mayo Clinic Biospecimen Resource for Pancreas Research. We assessed associations for obesity, first-degree family history of pancreatic cancer, cigarette smoking, overall type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), new-onset T2DM (&amp;lt;1 year before panNEN diagnosis), longstanding T2DM (\u22655 years), alcohol intake and aspirin use. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Our results show that overall T2DM (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.37\u20132.14) and new-onset T2DM (OR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.92\u20133.69) are associated with higher odds of panNEN, but not longstanding T2DM (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.94\u20131.75). A non-significant elevated odds of panNEN was observed among participants with a positive family history of pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.96\u20132.14). Alcohol use was inversely related to panNEN (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.42\u20130.66, ever-vs-never). No association was observed for smoking, obesity or aspirin use. These findings indicate that overall T2DM and new-onset T2DM are associated with higher odds of panNEN. Unlike PDAC, alcohol use was inversely related to panNEN, and we found no associations for cigarette smoking, obesity or aspirin use. These results indicate differences in the risk factor profiles of panNEN and PDAC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-24-0142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T06:21:44Z","timestamp":1739254904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Discordant risk factors between pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Shruti","family":"Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic 1 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8460-1257","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thorvardur R","family":"Halfdanarson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic 2 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin E","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic 1 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari G","family":"Rabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic 1 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Mahipal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University 3 , , ,","place":["Cleveland, Ohio, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shounak","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic 4 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R","family":"Bamlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic 1 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayasu","family":"Horibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine 5 , ,","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri Harsha","family":"Tella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic 6 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omair","family":"Shariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic 7 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic 2 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean P","family":"Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic 7 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]},{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Mayo Clinic 8 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann L","family":"Oberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic 1 , , ,","place":["Rochester, Minnesota, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2372-9489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel O","family":"Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic 9 , , ,","place":["Jacksonville, Florida, USA"]},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic 10 , , ,","place":["Jacksonville, Florida, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070905412345000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2015.12.003","article-title":"Clinical presentation and diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N 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