{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:28:34Z","timestamp":1790810914218,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thyroid cancer (TC) and breast cancer (BC) are common in females, with growing evidence of their higher-than-expected co-occurrence. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the relationship between TC and BC and to examine the likelihood of developing BC after TC (TC1-BC2) and TC after BC (BC1-TC2). A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Embase for articles with epidemiological evidence of TC and BC, published until 2024. For BC1-TC2 studies, subgroup analysis was performed on age at diagnosis and treatment type. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was used to calculate the risk of second primary malignancy. The MOOSE guidelines were followed, and the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of studies. Sixteen studies comprising 511,787 patients were included in the meta-analysis of TC1-BC2 and showed an increased risk of BC after TC (SIR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2\u20131.6, P &amp;lt; 0.01). Moreover, 28 studies with 2,486,870 patients were included for the BC1-TC2 meta-analysis and also demonstrated an increased risk of TC after BC (SIR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3\u20131.7, P &amp;lt; 0.01). The risk of TC was higher in BC patients under 50 (SIR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2\u20132.3) and in those treated with chemotherapy (SIR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.5\u20131.7). Radiotherapy for BC was not linked to an increased risk of TC. Here, we demonstrated an increased risk of TC or BC as secondary malignancies. Furthermore, studies are needed to better understand this association and its implications for patient follow-up and management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-24-0338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T12:07:42Z","timestamp":1758629262000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reciprocal cancer risks between thyroid and breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Pacheco","family":"Viola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 1 , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7390-4428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matheus Wohlfahrt","family":"Baumgarten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 1 , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]},{"name":"Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre 2 , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris Rucks","family":"Varvaki Rados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 1 , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre 3 , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letycia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos 4 , ,","place":["S\u00e3o Leopoldo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luiza","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 1 , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]},{"name":"Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre 2 , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9071-3703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iuri Martin","family":"Goemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 1 , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]},{"name":"Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre 2 , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil"]},{"name":"Medical School, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos 4 , ,","place":["S\u00e3o Leopoldo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0877","article-title":"A linkage between thyroid and breast cancer: a common etiology?","volume":"28","author":"Bolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1966.78","article-title":"High incidence of breast cancer in thyroid cancer patients","volume":"20","author":"Chalstrey","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1984.13","article-title":"Multiple primary breast and thyroid cancer","volume":"49","author":"Ron","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(05)80085-1","article-title":"Second malignancies in thyroid cancer patients: a population-based survey of 3658 cases from Norway","volume":"28","author":"Akslen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1448-y","article-title":"Risk of second primary cancer following differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"31","author":"Berthe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj072","article-title":"Risk of second primary malignancies in women with papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"163","author":"Canchola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0561","article-title":"A possible association between thyroid cancer and breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2016.07.101","article-title":"Risks of second malignancies after breast cancer treatment: long-term results","volume":"21","author":"Bazire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Radiother"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2017.07.004","article-title":"Risk of secondary malignancies after radiation therapy for breast cancer: comprehensive results","volume":"35","author":"Burt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-018-2621-9","article-title":"Multiple primary non-breast tumors in breast cancer survivors","volume":"144","author":"Corso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11626","article-title":"The risk of multiple primary breast and thyroid carcinomas: role of the radiation dose","volume":"98","author":"Adjadj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-9-88","article-title":"Nulliparity enhances the risk of second primary malignancy of the breast in a cohort of women treated for thyroid cancer","volume":"9","author":"Consorti","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601319","article-title":"Second primary malignancies in thyroid cancer patients","volume":"89","author":"Rubino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib14","article-title":"Use of radioactive iodine for thyroid cancer and risk for second primary malignancy: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"108","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3456-6","article-title":"The association between breast cancer and thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-0833","article-title":"The breast-thyroid cancer link: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33690","article-title":"Thyroid cancer, recent advances in diagnosis and therapy","volume":"149","author":"Nabhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib18","article-title":"Forty-five years of research and progress in breast cancer: progress for some, disparities for most","volume":"8","author":"Hoxha","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCO Glob Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cai2.46","article-title":"Advances in medical treatment of breast cancer in 2022","volume":"2","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Innovation"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib21","volume-title":"The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses","author":"Wells","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232800","article-title":"Risk of second primary breast cancer among cancer survivors: implications for prevention and screening practice","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29025","article-title":"Elevated risks of subsequent primary malignancies in patients with thyroid cancer: a nationwide, population-based study in Korea","volume":"121","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1111\/IGC.0b013e3181b9f5d5","article-title":"Distribution of second primary malignancies suggests a bidirectional effect between breast and endometrial cancer: a population-based study","volume":"19","author":"Cortesi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib25","article-title":"Non-thyroidal second primary malignancy in papillary thyroid cancer patients","volume":"11","author":"Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6955","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-20-2243","article-title":"Effect of breast cancer as the first or second primary cancer on the prognosis of women with thyroid cancer: a SEER database analysis","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.10.009","article-title":"Breast cancer in thyroid cancer survivors: an analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results-9 database","volume":"159","author":"Kuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad040","article-title":"Linear association between radioactive iodine dose and second primary malignancy risk in thyroid cancer","volume":"115","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-1208","article-title":"Risk factors for second primary malignancies following thyroid cancer: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"186","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08292-8","article-title":"Risk and outcome of subsequent malignancies after radioactive iodine treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer patients","volume":"21","author":"Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10069-6","article-title":"The co-occurrence of both breast and differentiated thyroid cancer: incidence, association and clinical implications for daily practice","volume":"22","author":"Piek","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30010003","article-title":"Second primary malignancies in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer after radionuclide therapy: a retrospective single-centre study","volume":"30","author":"Piscopo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib33","first-page":"367","article-title":"Second primary breast and thyroid cancers (Israel)","volume":"14","author":"Sadetzki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000078","article-title":"Is radioactive iodine-131 treatment related to the occurrence of non-synchronous second primary malignancy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer?","volume":"60","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-012-2718-3","article-title":"Association of thyroid, breast and renal cell cancer: a population-based study of the prevalence of second malignancies","volume":"20","author":"Van Fossen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02300","article-title":"The incidence of second primary tumors in thyroid cancer patients is increased, but not related to treatment of thyroid cancer","volume":"155","author":"Verkooijen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2023.0028","article-title":"Hazard ratios of second primary malignancy after radioiodine for differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a large-cohort retrospective study","volume":"74","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-015-0904-6","article-title":"Increased risk of certain second primary malignancies in patients treated for well-differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"21","author":"Hakala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52450","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9547","article-title":"Characteristics and survival of patients with metachronous or synchronous double primary malignancies: breast and thyroid cancer","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib40","article-title":"Risks of second primary cancers among 584,965 female and male breast cancer survivors in England: a 25-year retrospective cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Allen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860801978921","article-title":"Risk of second primary cancer among patients with early operable breast cancer registered or randomised in Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) protocols of the 77, 82 and 89 programmes during 1977\u20132001","volume":"47","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Oncologica"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(93)90093-N","article-title":"Multiple primary tumours in patients treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Doherty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1603","article-title":"Incidence of multiple primary cancers in a cohort of women diagnosed with breast cancer in southeast England","volume":"84","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)01665-0","article-title":"Second cancers after conservative surgery and radiation for stages I\u2013II breast cancer: identifying a subset of women at increased risk","volume":"51","author":"Fowble","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)02661-X","article-title":"Second non-breast malignancies after conservative surgery and radiation therapy for early-stage breast cancer","volume":"52","author":"Galper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2013.01.002","article-title":"Second primary cancers after adjuvant radiotherapy in early breast cancer patients: a national population-based study under the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG)","volume":"106","author":"Grantzau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-023-07224-3","article-title":"Second primary cancers among females with a first primary breast cancer: a population-based study in Northern Portugal","volume":"204","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.12.051","article-title":"Second malignancies after adjuvant radiation therapy for early stage breast cancer: is there increased risk with addition of regional radiation to local radiation?","volume":"91","author":"Hamilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148597","article-title":"Risk of second non-breast primary cancer in male and female breast cancer patients: a population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Hung","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604241","article-title":"Second malignancies after breast cancer: the impact of different treatment modalities","volume":"98","author":"Kirova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040792","article-title":"Risk of secondary cancer after adjuvant tamoxifen treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ: a nationwide cohort study in South Korea","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-018-4729-7","article-title":"Long-term risk of second malignancies in women after breast conservation therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ or early-stage breast cancer","volume":"170","author":"Kushner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2015.56.5.1213","article-title":"Characteristics and survival of breast cancer patients with multiple synchronous or metachronous primary cancers","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215948","article-title":"Breast cancer prognosis is better in patients who develop subsequent metachronous thyroid cancer","volume":"14","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdg028","article-title":"Cancer risk in women with previous breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Levi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2013.04.057","article-title":"Risk of second primary cancer among women with breast cancer: a population-based study in Granada (Spain)","volume":"130","author":"Molina-Montes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030669","article-title":"Type of recurrence, cause of death and second neoplasms among 737 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast \u2013 15-year follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Niwi\u0144ska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-022-06644-x","article-title":"Risk of secondary malignancy after radiotherapy for breast cancer: long-term follow-up of Japanese patients with breast cancer","volume":"194","author":"Okonogi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603404","article-title":"Family history of breast cancer and young age at diagnosis of breast cancer increase risk of second primary malignancies in women: a population-based cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Prochazka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-023-01647-y","article-title":"Risk of second primary cancer among women in the Kaiser Permanente breast cancer survivors cohort","volume":"25","author":"Ramin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29462","article-title":"Risk of second primary malignancies in women with breast cancer: results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)","volume":"137","author":"Ricceri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006489918700","article-title":"Increased risk of second cancers following breast cancer: role of the initial treatment","volume":"61","author":"Rubino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.11.9081","article-title":"Risk of new primary nonbreast cancers after breast cancer treatment: a Dutch population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Schaapveld","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s42047-022-00122-w","article-title":"A single centre study from western India to evaluate the frequency of developing second and subsequent multiple primary malignancies among cancer survivors","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Exp Pathol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-005-4016-2","article-title":"Primary malignancy after primary female breast cancer in the south of The Netherlands, 1972\u20132001","volume":"93","author":"Soerjomataram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-23-301","article-title":"Characteristics and survival analysis of breast cancer survivors with metachronous double primary cancers: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01040.x","article-title":"Second primary cancers following breast cancer in the Japanese female population","volume":"92","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn J Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1385\/MO:22:1:017","article-title":"A descriptive study of second primary malignancies associated to breast cancer in a Mexican Hispanic population.","volume":"22","author":"Vidal-Millan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-019-01430-0","article-title":"Survival and chemotherapy-related risk of second primary malignancy in breast cancer patients: a SEER-based study","volume":"24","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.07.004","article-title":"Nonbreast second malignancies after treatment of primary breast cancer","volume":"73","author":"Yadav","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-012-2774-8","article-title":"Other primary malignancies in breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy","volume":"20","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib72","first-page":"411","article-title":"Incidences and trends of second cancers in female breast cancer patients: a fixed inception cohort-based analysis (United States)","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R38","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2860","article-title":"Second malignancies in breast cancer patients following radiotherapy: a study in Florence, Italy","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib74","first-page":"17","article-title":"Risk factors of developing a second malignancy following treatment of a first primary breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Mafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601138","article-title":"Radiation dose, chemotherapy, hormonal treatment and risk of second cancer after breast cancer treatment","volume":"89","author":"Rubino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0171","article-title":"Second primary malignancy risk in thyroid cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Subramanian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2010.43.6.459","article-title":"Lifestyle and cancer risk","volume":"43","author":"Weiderpass","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2023.07.005","article-title":"Breast cancer and lifestyle factors: Umbrella review","volume":"38","author":"Hoxha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin N Am"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.892035","article-title":"Obesity and risk of thyroid cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis of 21 observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2016.161","article-title":"Alcohol intake and risk of thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"49","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.045","article-title":"Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: an updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms","volume":"160","author":"Rodgers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00111","article-title":"Female reproductive factors and differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"8","author":"Moleti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000011928","article-title":"Effect of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy on thyroid function in postmenopausal women with breast cancer","volume":"56","author":"Zidan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322006000400008","article-title":"Effect of conjugated equine estrogens and tamoxifen administration on thyroid gland histomorphology of the rat","volume":"61","author":"de Araujo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(85)90012-5","article-title":"Estrogen and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors in neoplastic and nonneoplastic human thyroid tissue","volume":"38","author":"Clark","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib86","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Estrogen promotes growth of human thyroid tumor cells by different molecular mechanisms","volume":"86","author":"Manole","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib87","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Estradiol-induced proliferation of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer cells is mediated by estrogen receptors \u03b1 and \u03b2","volume":"36","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.026344","article-title":"17\u03b2-estradiol, genistein, and 4-hydroxytamoxifen induce the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR30","volume":"70","author":"Vivacqua","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL26113","article-title":"Thyroid hormone activation regulates the crosstalk between breast cancer and mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"30","author":"Nappi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib90","article-title":"Decreased breast cancer-specific mortality risk in patients with a history of thyroid cancer","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-58-1-136","article-title":"Cowden\u2019s disease: a possible new symptom complex with multiple system involvement","volume":"58","author":"Lloyd","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1986.tb00816.x","article-title":"The Cowden syndrome: a clinical and genetic study in 21 patients","volume":"29","author":"Starink","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200289","article-title":"Novel PTEN mutations in patients with Cowden disease: absence of clear genotype-phenotype correlations","volume":"7","author":"Nelen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-011-9896-x","article-title":"Cowden syndrome: a major indication for extensive cancer surveillance","volume":"29","author":"Tutluer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2147\/TACG.S41947","article-title":"Genetic basis of Cowden syndrome and its implications for clinical practice and risk management","volume":"9","author":"Gammon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Clin Genet"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib96","first-page":"181","volume-title":"New Malignancies Among Cancer Survivors: SEER Cancer Registries, 1973\u20132000, NIH Publ. No. 05-5302","author":"Curtis"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1409841","article-title":"Korea\u2019s thyroid-cancer \u201cepidemic\u201d\u2013screening and overdiagnosis","volume":"371","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000169","article-title":"Diagnostic radiography exposure increases the risk for thyroid microcarcinoma: a population-based case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02205-6","article-title":"Role of breast cancer screening in the overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer: results from a cross-sectional nationwide survey","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.101985","article-title":"Assessment of surveillance versus etiologic factors in the reciprocal association between papillary thyroid cancer and breast cancer","volume":"74","author":"Advani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib101","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Multiple primary malignant tumors: a survey of the literature and statistical study","volume":"16","author":"Warren","year":"1932","journal-title":"Am J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib102","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026070905402856600_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2013.09.012","article-title":"Solid tumor second primary neoplasms: who is at risk, what can we do?","volume":"40","author":"Oeffinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Endocrine-Related Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/erc\/32\/10\/ERC-24-0338.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/erc.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/erc\/32\/10\/ERC-24-0338.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/erc\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ERC-24-0338\/144604\/erc-24-0338.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/erc\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ERC-24-0338\/144604\/erc-24-0338.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T09:40:49Z","timestamp":1783590049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/erc\/article\/32\/10\/e240338\/25860\/Reciprocal-cancer-risks-between-thyroid-and-breast"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/erc-24-0338","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-6821","1351-0088"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-6821","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1351-0088","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"article-number":"e240338"}}