{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:22:14Z","timestamp":1783606934611,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive, rare and heterogeneous malignancy that requires diverse preclinical models. For this reason, the development of new cell lines is pivotal. This article describes the development and characterization of two of them, SMAC-2 and SMAC-3, established from surgical specimens of ACC patients. The characterization included their mutational profiling, the evaluation of the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, secretory activity and the expression of steroid hormone receptors. The proliferative ability of these cells within zebrafish embryo xenografts was also evaluated. SMAC-2 originated from a metastatic EDP-M-treated ACC in a female patient with hypercortisolism and hyperandrogenism, while SMAC-3 derived from a male patient with a mitotane-treated local recurrence, with no sign of hypercortisolism. TP53 was mutated in both lines. SMAC-2 cells were characterized by a pathogenic alteration on CTTNB1 gene and a deletion of CDKN2A gene, while SMAC-3 on MSH2 gene. Basal hormonal status analysis showed a cell model-specific fingerprint either in the hormonal secretion or in the gene and protein expression of steroid hormone receptors. SMAC-2 secreted high levels of cortisol. SMAC-3 secreted low basal levels of cortisol. Mitotane displayed a low potency in both cell lines. Under the experimental conditions used, the xenografted area did not increase in both cell models. Experiments were carried out to study the stability of the two cell lines. SMAC-2 and SMAC-3 display unique molecular and functional features, expanding the repertoire of experimental ACC models and representing valuable tools for preclinical research alongside established cell lines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-25-0317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:43:57Z","timestamp":1778521437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Updating ACC preclinical models: characterization of two new patient-derived cell lines"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0835-0916","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Abate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1"},{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7827-0025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Tamburello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bonera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido Alberto Massimo","family":"Tiberio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Baldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Carini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Inglesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1616-1151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Scatolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Cosentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Leporati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro Luigi","family":"Poliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Cosseddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duilio","family":"Brugnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berruti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Sigala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070909454474900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0608","article-title":"European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors","volume":"179","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070909454474900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.08.2099","article-title":"Adrenocortical carcinomas and malignant phaeochromocytomas: ESMO-EURACAN clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2026070909454474900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10414","article-title":"European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES) and European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours (ENSAT) recommendations for the surgical management of adrenocortical carcinoma","volume":"104","author":"Gaujoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2026070909454474900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19981115)83:10<2194::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Mitotane associated with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma. 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