{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:23:26Z","timestamp":1788211406078,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["etj.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are few reports of subacute thyroiditis (SAT) during pregnancy. This study aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics of SAT in pregnant patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven patients diagnosed with SAT during pregnancy at our institution from January 2004 to December 2021 were identified, and their clinical findings were retrospectively examined. At SAT diagnosis, the median age was 34 (range: 31\u201342) years, the median duration of pregnancy was 5 (4\u201324) weeks, and all patients had neck pain but no fever. On laboratory examination, median (range) free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, and C-reactive protein levels were 2.66 (1.14\u20137.77) ng\/dL, 7.1 (3.3\u201316.1) pg\/mL, and 2.22 (0.42\u20135.79) mg\/dL, respectively, and all patients had a hypoechoic lesion of the thyroid gland. Three patients (43%) were treated with steroids, and three patients (43%) received replacement therapy with levothyroxine for hypothyroidism following destructive thyroiditis. There were no pregnancy complications in any of the cases. These seven patients (pregnancy group) were compared with 217 non-pregnant female patients (non-pregnancy group) aged 31 to 42 years who were diagnosed with SAT at our institution from 2016 to 2019. The frequency of body temperatures above 37\u00b0C was lower in the pregnancy group than in the non-pregnancy group (0% vs 65%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients who develop SAT during pregnancy may have less fever than non-pregnant patients with SAT. There were no pregnancy complications in the pregnancy group in this study. This suggests that adverse pregnancy outcomes may be avoided by the appropriate management of SAT, including hypothyroidism after destructive thyroiditis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-24-0128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T17:04:35Z","timestamp":1725037475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Subacute thyroiditis during pregnancy: clinical characteristics of seven cases"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9641-0991","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Imai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-5004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natsuko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rei","family":"Hirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Koshibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Sankoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigenori","family":"Hiruma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nami","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Fukushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Yoshihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeduk","family":"Yoshimura Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiminori","family":"Sugino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Thyroid","first-page":"278","article-title":"Differences in diagnostic criteria mask the true prevalence of thyroid disease in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong AC & Stagnaro-Green A. Differences in diagnostic criteria mask the true prevalence of thyroid disease in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid201929278\u2013289. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2018.0475)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Nature Reviews. Endocrinology","first-page":"158","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of thyroid disorders in pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee SY & Pearce EN. Assessment and treatment of thyroid disorders in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology202218158\u2013171. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-021-00604-z)"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"2100","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome of subacute thyroiditis in an incidence cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, study","volume":"88","author":"Fatourechi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fatourechi VAniszewski JPFatourechi GZAtkinson EJ & Jacobsen SJ. Clinical features and outcome of subacute thyroiditis in an incidence cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism2003882100\u20132105. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-021799)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","first-page":"19","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis during early pregnancy: a case report and literature review","volume":"22","author":"Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai CFShen GHYang YYang KR Hayden MZhou YY & Geng XQ. Subacute thyroiditis during early pregnancy: a case report and literature review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth20222219. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04368-2)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","first-page":"924","article-title":"Two cases of subacute thyroiditis presenting in pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Hiraiwa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hiraiwa TKubota SImagawa ASasaki IIto MMiyauchi A & Hanafusa T. Two cases of subacute thyroiditis presenting in pregnancy. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation200629924\u2013927. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03349198)"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Gynecological Endocrinology","first-page":"384","article-title":"A case report of subacute thyroiditis during pregnancy: difficulties in differential diagnosis and changes in cytokine levels","volume":"27","author":"Anastasilakis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anastasilakis ADKaranicola VKourtis AMakras PKampas LGerou S & Giomisi A. A case report of subacute thyroiditis during pregnancy: difficulties in differential diagnosis and changes in cytokine levels. Gynecological Endocrinology201127384\u2013390. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09513590.2010.493963)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Clinical Thyroidology","first-page":"346","article-title":"Subacute thyroiditis masquerading as hyperemesis gravidarum in early pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh IEI-Maouche D & Sullivan SD. Subacute thyroiditis masquerading as hyperemesis gravidarum in early pregnancy. Clinical Thyroidology201527346\u2013350. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ct.2015;27.346-350)"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Journal of Contemporary Medicine","first-page":"82","article-title":"Subacute Thyroiditis that occurs during Pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Yildiz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yildiz CAltay M & Da\u011fdeviren M. Subacute Thyroiditis that occurs during Pregnancy. Journal of Contemporary Medicine2017782\u201384 (In Turkish)"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Acta Endocrinology","first-page":"125","article-title":"A case of subacute thyroiditis in the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Kaykhaei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaykhaei MASandooghi M & Mohammadi Fatideh T. A case of subacute thyroiditis in the first trimester of pregnancy. Acta Endocrinology20128125\u2013130."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Chinese Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"673","article-title":"Clinical treatment of pregnancy complicated with subacute thyroiditis","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li YWu HGao Y & Guo X. Clinical treatment of pregnancy complicated with subacute thyroiditis. Chinese Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism201228673\u2013675."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders","first-page":"1027","article-title":"New aspects in the pathogenesis and management of subacute thyroiditis","volume":"22","author":"Stasiak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stasiak M & Lewi\u0144ski A. New aspects in the pathogenesis and management of subacute thyroiditis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders2021221027\u20131039. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-021-09648-y)"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Journal of Reproductive Immunology","first-page":"103748","article-title":"Inflammation in preterm birth: novel mechanism of preterm birth associated with innate and acquired immunity","volume":"154","author":"Negishi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Negishi YShima YKato MIchikawa TIno HHorii YSuzuki S & Morita R. Inflammation in preterm birth: novel mechanism of preterm birth associated with innate and acquired immunity. Journal of Reproductive Immunology2022154103748. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103748)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Thyroid","first-page":"1343","article-title":"2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"26","author":"Ross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross DSBurch HBCooper DSGreenlee MCLaurberg PMaia ALRivkees SASamuels MSosa JAStan MN, et al.2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid2016261343\u20131421. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2016.0229)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa","first-page":"821","article-title":"Painful thyroid palpation","volume":"24","author":"Pit\u00e9","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pit\u00e9 HMoitinho MSilva AOrtigueira IDias L & Gomes V. Painful thyroid palpation. Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa201124821\u2013826 (In Portuguese)"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Endocrine","first-page":"209","article-title":"Comparison of the therapeutic effects of prednisolone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with subacute thyroiditis","volume":"55","author":"Sato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sato JUchida TKomiya KGoto HTakeno KSuzuki RHonda AHimuro M & Watada H. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of prednisolone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with subacute thyroiditis. Endocrine201755209\u2013214. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-016-1122-3)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Thyroid","first-page":"269","article-title":"Initial treatment with 15 mg of prednisolone daily is sufficient for most patients with subacute thyroiditis in Japan","volume":"23","author":"Kubota","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kubota SNishihara EKudo TIto MAmino N & Miyauchi A. Initial treatment with 15 mg of prednisolone daily is sufficient for most patients with subacute thyroiditis in Japan. Thyroid201323269\u2013272. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2012.0459)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology","first-page":"968","article-title":"First trimester exposure to corticosteroids and oral clefts","volume":"67","author":"Pradat","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pradat PRobert-Gnansia EDi Tanna GLRosano ALisi AMastroiacovo P & Contributors to the MADRE database. First trimester exposure to corticosteroids and oral clefts. Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology200367968\u2013970. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.10134)"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"CMAJ","first-page":"796","article-title":"Corticosteroid use during pregnancy and risk of orofacial clefts","volume":"183","author":"Hviid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hviid A & M\u00f8lgaard-Nielsen D. Corticosteroid use during pregnancy and risk of orofacial clefts. CMAJ2011183796\u2013804. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.101063)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Annals of Epidemiology","first-page":"635","article-title":"First-trimester nonsystemic corticosteroid use and the risk of oral clefts in Norway","volume":"24","author":"Skuladottir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skuladottir HWilcox AMcConnaughey RVindenes H & Lie RT. First-trimester nonsystemic corticosteroid use and the risk of oral clefts in Norway. Annals of Epidemiology201424635\u2013640. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.06.005)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Current Drug Metabolism","first-page":"474","article-title":"Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pregnancy: impact on the fetus and newborn","volume":"13","author":"Antonucci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Antonucci RZaffanello MPuxeddu EPorcella ACuzzolin LPilloni MD & Fanos V. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pregnancy: impact on the fetus and newborn. Current Drug Metabolism201213474\u2013490. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138920012800166607)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"519","article-title":"Analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in meconium and its relation to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"107","author":"Alano","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alano MANgougmna EOstrea EM & Konduri GG. Analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in meconium and its relation to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatrics2001107519\u2013523. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.107.3.519)"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20163840","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and risk of ADHD","volume":"140","author":"Ystrom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ystrom EGustavson KBrandlistuen REKnudsen GPMagnus PSusser EDavey Smith GStoltenberg CSur\u00e9n PH\u00e5berg SE, et al.Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and risk of ADHD. Pediatrics2017140e20163840. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-3840)"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","first-page":"445","article-title":"Is acetaminophen safe in pregnancy?","volume":"17","author":"Toda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toda K. Is acetaminophen safe in pregnancy?Scandinavian Journal of Pain201717445\u2013446. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjpain.2017.09.007)"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Scientific Reports","first-page":"16899","article-title":"An Evaluation of the Results of the Steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Treatments in Subacute Thyroiditis in relation to Persistent Hypothyroidism and Recurrence","volume":"9","author":"Sencar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sencar MECalapkulu MSakiz DHepsen SKus AAkhanli PUnsal IOKizilgul MUcan BOzbek M, et al.An Evaluation of the Results of the Steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Treatments in Subacute Thyroiditis in relation to Persistent Hypothyroidism and Recurrence. Scientific Reports2019916899. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-53475-w)"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"2725","article-title":"Thyroid diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a contemporary US cohort","volume":"98","author":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","year":"2013","unstructured":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 TMendola PGrewal JXie YChen Z & Laughon SK. Thyroid diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a contemporary US cohort. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism2013982725\u20132733. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-4233)"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","first-page":"1853","article-title":"Clinical review: prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review","volume":"94","author":"Golden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Golden SHRobinson KASaldanha IAnton B & Ladenson PW. Clinical review: prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism2009941853\u20131878. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-2291)"},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Persistent thyroid autoimmunity after subacute thyroiditis","volume":"23","author":"Weetman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Weetman APSmallridge RCNutman TB & Burman KD. Persistent thyroid autoimmunity after subacute thyroiditis. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology1987231\u20136."},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology","first-page":"14","article-title":"Immune modulation (TH1 and TH2 responses) in pregnancy","volume":"107","author":"Russell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Russell AS. Immune modulation (TH1 and TH2 responses) in pregnancy. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology199810714\u201317. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03009742.1998.11720699)"},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","first-page":"657","article-title":"Pregnancy and reproduction in autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"50","author":"Ostensen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ostensen MBrucato ACarp HChambers CDolhain RJDoria AF\u00f6rger FGordon CHahn SKhamashta M, et al.Pregnancy and reproduction in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford)201150657\u2013664. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq350)"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation","first-page":"275","article-title":"Serum amyloid A protein and C-reactive protein in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"67","author":"Kristensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kristensen KWide-Swensson DLindstrom VSchmidt CGrubb A & Strevens H. Serum amyloid A protein and C-reactive protein in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation200967275\u2013280. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000214081)"}],"container-title":["European Thyroid Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/etj.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/etj\/13\/5\/ETJ-24-0128.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/etj.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/etj\/13\/5\/ETJ-24-0128.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/etj.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/etj\/13\/5\/ETJ-24-0128.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:52:03Z","timestamp":1784555523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article\/4339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/etj-24-0128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-0802"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-0802","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}