{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:14:10Z","timestamp":1783448050037,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":454,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent years, germline mutations in the microRNA (miRNA) processor genes DICER1 and DGCR8 have been coupled to the development of thyroid follicular nodular disease (TFND), thereby casting new light on the etiology of this enigmatic, benign condition in non-iodine-deficient regions. Moreover, DICER1 and DGCR8 mutations have also been reported in rare subsets of follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas. Specifically, truncating germline or missense somatic DICER1 mutations have been reported in small subsets of pediatric and adolescent follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC). Similarly, a recurrent somatic mutation of the DGCR8 gene has been observed in highly aggressive FTCs and in some indolent cases of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The reason why identical mutations in the same miRNA processor gene can lead to such a myriad of thyroid conditions, ranging from benign TFND to FTCs and PDTCs, remains unclear. This review highlights key features of miRNA regulator gene mutations in thyroid disease and explores their potential roles as drivers or progression events in tumor development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-24-0298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T06:13:48Z","timestamp":1732688028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MicroRNA regulator gene mutations in thyroid follicular nodular disease and thyroid cancer: does it all come down to timing?"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4569-5398","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Condello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet 1 , ,","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5945-9081","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C Christofer","family":"Juhlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet 1 , ,","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital 2 , ,","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3838","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA biogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90529-Y","article-title":"The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00616-X","article-title":"microRNAs: tiny regulators with great potential","volume":"107","author":"Ambros","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/35002607","article-title":"The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"403","author":"Reinhart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw116","article-title":"Distribution of miRNA expression across human tissues","volume":"44","author":"Ludwig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307323101","article-title":"Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers","volume":"101","author":"Calin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104715","article-title":"MicroRNAs in cancer","volume":"9","author":"Di Leva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05150","article-title":"Genome-wide survey of tissue-specific microRNA and transcription factor regulatory networks in 12 tissues","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15004","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2015.4","article-title":"The role of MicroRNAs in human cancer","volume":"1","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506654102","article-title":"miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2","volume":"102","author":"Cimmino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026070712505717700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-0359","article-title":"OncomiR or tumor suppressor? 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