{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:42:30Z","timestamp":1791931350910,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":398,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a preventable cause of neurodevelopmental delay in children, detectable by newborn screening (NBS) programs for CH. Since NBS for CH was started in Canada in 1974, numerous countries have successfully implemented this public health strategy. However, in 2014, only 29.3% of newborns worldwide were screened by NBS for CH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to assess the implementation of new NBS programs for CH over the past decade, and screening methods and coverage rates of current programs. In addition, it sought to update the worldwide iodine status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed literature data on NBS programs for CH and their coverage rates for each country, using PubMed, Embase and Google searches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Currently, 29.6% of children worldwide are screened for CH. Europe, North America, Oceania, China, Japan and Israel have efficient programs with optimal coverage. Recently, some countries of Central and Western Asia have implemented NBS programs for CH, and coverage has increased in several Asian countries. South America has also seen substantial improvements in coverage. In contrast, almost none of the African countries has widespread screening programs, but some attempts with pilot studies and local initiatives have been witnessed. Global iodine sufficiency has improved, with 149 of 193 countries achieving adequate iodine levels by 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the past decades, several countries have launched NBS programs for CH or conducted pilot studies, and the coverage of most existing NBS programs has increased. Nevertheless, approximately 70% of newborns worldwide still lack access to NBS for CH, predominantly in African and Asian countries, accounting for a significant part of annual births.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-24-0327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T07:35:15Z","timestamp":1736926515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism: worldwide coverage 50 years after its start"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Arrigoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo-ERN) 1 ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona 2 , ,","place":["Verona, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-5541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nitash","family":"Zwaveling-Soonawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo-ERN) 1 ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism 3 , ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen H","family":"LaFranchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children\u2019s Hospital, Oregon Health & Sciences University 4 , , ,","place":["Portland, Oregon, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-6271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A S Paul","family":"van Trotsenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo-ERN) 1 ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism 3 , ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiaan F","family":"Mooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo-ERN) 1 ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism 3 , ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0333","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism: a 2020\u20132021 consensus guidelines update\u2014an ENDO-European reference network initiative endorsed by the European society for pediatric endocrinology and the European society for endocrinology","volume":"31","author":"van Trotsenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(75)80349-0","article-title":"Preliminary report on a mass screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism","volume":"86","author":"Dussault","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(76)80384-8","article-title":"TSH measurements from blood spots on filter paper: a confirmatory screening test for neonatal hypothyroidism","volume":"89","author":"Dussault","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80024-9","article-title":"Modification of a screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism","volume":"92","author":"Dussault","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80279-0","article-title":"Preliminary results on the mental development of hypothyroid infants detected by the Quebec Screening Program","volume":"102","author":"Glorieux","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.05.008","article-title":"Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: a worldwide view of strategies","volume":"28","author":"Ford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.923","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism: influence of disease severity and L-thyroxine treatment on intellectual, motor, and school-associated outcomes in young adults","volume":"112","author":"Oerbeck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib8","first-page":"103","article-title":"Iodine deficiency, still a global problem?","volume":"43","author":"Biban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Health Sci J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/ped4.12324","article-title":"Genetics of congenital hypothyroidism: modern concepts","volume":"6","author":"Stoupa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Investig"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022060420","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060420","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism: screening and management","volume":"151","author":"Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3370","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0058","article-title":"Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism based on thyroxine, thyrotropin, and thyroxine-binding globulin measurement: potentials and pitfalls","volume":"91","author":"Kempers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1159\/000358198","article-title":"European Society for paediatric endocrinology consensus guidelines on screening, diagnosis, and management of congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"81","author":"Leger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns7010015","article-title":"Neonatal screening in Europe revisited: an ISNS perspective on the current state and developments since 2010","volume":"7","author":"Loeber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-021-00572-x","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 knowledge and attitudes about newborn screening in Jordan","volume":"13","author":"Kasem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Community Genet"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278750","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1278750","article-title":"Selective screening for inborn errors of metabolism using tandem mass spectrometry in West Kazakhstan children: study protocol","volume":"14","author":"Zharmakhanova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns7030056","article-title":"Early diagnosis of classic homocystinuria in Kuwait through newborn screening: a 6-year experience","volume":"7","author":"Alsharhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2018.0255","article-title":"Cases referred from the Turkish national screening program: frequency of congenital hypothyroidism and etiological distribution","volume":"11","author":"Donbaloglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36778","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036778","article-title":"Evaluation of patients diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism by newborn screening between 2011\u20132019 in Diyarbakir, Turkey","volume":"102","author":"Toktas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib19","first-page":"6","article-title":"Evaluation of newborn screening program in Baghdad Al-Karkh health directorate in 2018","volume":"8","author":"Atshan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm Innov"},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"2026070712574929900_bib20","first-page":"497","article-title":"The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism during the neonatal screening program in the republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan","volume":"91","author":"Zhiemuratova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns8010008","article-title":"Successful implementation of expanded newborn screening in the Philippines using tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"8","author":"Padilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31899","article-title":"Newborn screening in Latin America: a brief overview of the state of the art","volume":"187","author":"Borrajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648939","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.648939","article-title":"Current status of newborn screening in Southeastern Europe","volume":"9","author":"Koracin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2022-0403","article-title":"Fifty years of newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism: current status in Australasia and the case for harmonisation","volume":"60","author":"Huynh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.03.002","article-title":"Current status of newborn screening worldwide: 2015","volume":"39","author":"Therrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns10020038","article-title":"Current status of newborn bloodspot screening worldwide 2024: a comprehensive review of recent activities (2020-2023)","volume":"10","author":"Therrell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib27","first-page":"550","article-title":"Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism at Hopital de la Mere et de l\u2019Enfant Lagune of Cotonou","volume":"36","author":"Hound\u00e9toungan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Nucl"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-016-0654-2","article-title":"Establishment of reference intervals of thyroid function tests from cord blood of neonates in two selected hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Mehari","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-016-0107-9","article-title":"Reference intervals for thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine derived from neonates undergoing routine screening for congenital hypothyroidism at a university teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Omuse","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181ab2277","article-title":"Conference report: second conference of the Middle East and North Africa newborn screening initiative: partnerships for sustainable newborn screening infrastructure and research opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Krotoski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1017.1000287","article-title":"Newborn thyroid stimulating hormone levels in heel prick blood at the yaounde Gyneco-Obstetric and paediatric hospital Cameroon","volume":"7","author":"Adele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Syndrome"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.26719\/2018.24.11.1066","article-title":"Screening of congenital hyperthyroidism in Morocco: a pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Maniar","year":"2018","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib33","first-page":"17","article-title":"Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Egypt","volume":"5","author":"El-Bakry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Neonatal J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.20517\/rdodj.2023.49","article-title":"Newborn screening in South Africa: the past, present, and plans for the future","volume":"3","author":"Malherbe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rare Dis Orphan Drug J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15041004","article-title":"Iodine deficiency and iodine prophylaxis: an overview and update","volume":"15","author":"Lisco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib36","volume-title":"Global Scorecard of Iodine Nutrition in 2022 in the General Population Based on School-Age Children (SAC)","author":"The Iodine Global Network"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0171","article-title":"Global endocrinology: global perspectives in endocrinology: coverage of iodized salt programs and iodine status in 2020","volume":"185","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-01006-0","article-title":"Prevalence of insufficient iodine intake in pregnancy worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Patriota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9062-1","article-title":"Newborn screening strategies for congenital hypothyroidism: an update","volume":"33","author":"LaFranchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns6020024","article-title":"Universal implementation of newborn screening in India","volume":"6","author":"Mookken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2022.100040","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, screen positivity rates, and etiology","volume":"5","author":"Anne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04528-1","article-title":"Up-to-date quality survey and evaluation of neonatal screening programs in China","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns5030026","article-title":"Screening pathways through China, the Asia pacific region, the world","volume":"5","author":"Wiley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns10010008","article-title":"Experiences and challenges with congenital hypothyroidism newborn screening in Indonesia: a national cross-sectional survey","volume":"10","author":"Pulungan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1175","article-title":"Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal hypothyroidism","volume":"96","author":"LaFranchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.09.003","article-title":"Newborn screening in the US may miss mild persistent hypothyroidism","volume":"192","author":"Kilberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1159\/000479367","article-title":"Detecting congenital central hypothyroidism by newborn screening: difficulty in distinguishing from congenital thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency","volume":"88","author":"Connelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1159\/000480293","article-title":"Pilot neonatal screening program for central congenital hypothyroidism: evidence of significant detection","volume":"88","author":"Braslavsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.17.65","article-title":"Central congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening in Sapporo, Japan (2000\u20132004): it\u2019s prevalence and clinical characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.2022-0063","article-title":"Guidelines for newborn screening of congenital hypothyroidism (2021 revision)","volume":"32","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2018.11.013","article-title":"[Fifty years of neonatal screening for congenital diseases in Spain]","volume":"90","author":"Couce","year":"2019","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib52","first-page":"195","article-title":"The Italian screening program for primary congenital hypothyroidism: actions to improve screening, diagnosis, follow-up, and surveillance","volume":"36","author":"Cassio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230041","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-23-0041","article-title":"Neonatal screening for primary and central congenital hypothyroidism: is it time to go Dutch?","volume":"12","author":"Boelen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(91)90159-Z","article-title":"A ten-year temporal analysis of primary congenital hypothyroidism in Israel","volume":"26","author":"Kaiserman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2010.23.1-2.39","article-title":"Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism: a retrospective hospital based study from Bahrain","volume":"23","author":"Golbahar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e249997","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-249997","article-title":"Primary congenital hypothyroidism: challenges in a low-income country without paediatric endocrinologist and universal newborn screening","volume":"16","author":"Bin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns5020018","article-title":"Newborn screening for selected disorders in Nepal: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Sharma Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.55629\/pakjpathol.v33i3.715","article-title":"Establishing a nationwide newborn screening program for congenital hypothyroidism: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Majid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak J Pathol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2019.7","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism: a five-year retrospective study at Children\u2019s University Hospital, Damascus, Syria","volume":"2019","author":"Saoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qatar Med J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e046240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046240","article-title":"Cross-sectional prospective feasibility study of newborn screening for sickle cell anaemia and congenital hypothyroidism in Guyana","volume":"12","author":"Alladin","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053559","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1053559","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for newborn screening and early diagnosis of rare diseases in Latin America","volume":"13","author":"Giugliani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01172.x","article-title":"Biological specimen banks in neonatal screening","volume":"88","author":"Norgaard-Pedersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e318193076f","article-title":"Expanded newborn screening in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands: education and barriers assessment","volume":"11","author":"Morales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib64","first-page":"426","article-title":"Cord blood thyrotropin screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Three years\u2019 experience on the Island of Saint Lucia","volume":"21","author":"Sajous","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0687-7","article-title":"Newborn screening in the Asia pacific region","volume":"30","author":"Padilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897-014-9790-8","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism long-term follow-up project: navigating the rough waters of a multi-center, multi-state public health project","volume":"24","author":"Wintergerst","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Genet Couns"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib67","first-page":"275","article-title":"Outcome of Congenital Hypothyroidism in Algeria: The Urgent Need to Implement a National Newborn Screening Program","volume":"91","author":"Adel","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib68","first-page":"WG8.6","article-title":"Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Ghana: don\u2019t take it for granted!","volume":"82","author":"Ameyaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib69","first-page":"316","article-title":"Newborn screening in Nigeria: will incorporating congenital hypothyroidism with sickle cell disease improve neonatal screening programme?","volume":"90","author":"Yarhere Iroro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2016.25.46.10321","article-title":"Hypothyro\u00efdie cong\u00e9nitale \u00e0 Dakar: \u00e0 propos de 28 cas","volume":"25","author":"Niang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib71","first-page":"7","article-title":"Overview of diagnosis, management and outcome of congenital hypothyroidism: a call for a national screening programme in Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Babiker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sudan J Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0298-4","article-title":"Neonatal thyrotropin (TSH) screening as a tool for monitoring iodine nutrition in Armenia","volume":"73","author":"Hutchings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.5455\/jabet.2023.d149","article-title":"Assessing newborn screening practices in Bangladesh: perspectives of healthcare professionals and implications for improved infant health","volume":"6","author":"Sumaia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000683","article-title":"Newborn screening in the developing countries","volume":"30","author":"Therrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2005.18.5.453","article-title":"High prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in the Greek Cypriot population: results of the neonatal screening program 1990\u20132000","volume":"18","author":"Skordis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0644-5","article-title":"Neonatal screening in Europe; the situation in 2004","volume":"30","author":"Loeber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.14341\/ket9777","article-title":"The results of neonatal TSH screening do not agree with indicators of the optimal iodine status of pregnant women in the Republic of Georgia","volume":"14","author":"Barnabishvilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Thyroidol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib78","first-page":"e99099","article-title":"A success story: review of the implementation and achievements of the national newborn screening program for congenital hypothyroidism in Iran","volume":"18","author":"Yarahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib79","first-page":"808","article-title":"Risk factors of congenital hypothyroidism in Israel","volume":"25","author":"Abbasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns7030034","article-title":"Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Japan","volume":"7","author":"Minamitani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib81","article-title":"Kyrgyzstan starts conducting neonatal screening for phenylketonuria","author":"Orlova","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-011-0076-7","article-title":"Working group of the Asia pacific society for human genetics on consolidating newborn screening efforts in the Asia pacific R. Consolidating newborn screening efforts in the Asia pacific region: networking and shared education","volume":"3","author":"Padilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Community Genet"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105306","article-title":"Establishment of a sustainable newborn TSH-screening program in the People\u2019s Democratic Republic of Laos","volume":"154","author":"Vesaphong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns6010012","article-title":"Introducing and expanding newborn screening in the MENA region","volume":"6","author":"Skrinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.15605\/jafes.035.01.11","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism in children - a cross-sectional study in a tertiary centre in Malaysia","volume":"35","author":"Zaini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns7020029","article-title":"First experiences with newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism in ulaanbaatar, Mongolia","volume":"7","author":"Tsevgee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2009.12.007","article-title":"Newborn screening progress in developing countries-overcoming internal barriers","volume":"34","author":"Padilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2020.113","article-title":"Demographic features and etiology of congenital hypothyroidism at the national diabetes and endocrine center in Oman from 2004 to 2016","volume":"35","author":"Al Jafari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0553-7","article-title":"Implementation of extended neonatal screening and a metabolic unit in the State of Qatar: developing and optimizing strategies in cooperation with the Neonatal Screening Center in Heidelberg","volume":"30","author":"Lindner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2017.01.002","article-title":"Three-year follow-up of children with abnormal newborn screening results for congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"58","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13469","article-title":"Expanded newborn screening program in Saudi Arabia: incidence of screened disorders","volume":"53","author":"Alfadhel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2021073","article-title":"Evolution and expansion of newborn screening programmes in Singapore","volume":"62","author":"Rajadurai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2021.01.001","article-title":"Cost-effective analysis of the congenital hypothyroidism screening program in Sri Lanka","volume":"24","author":"Karunarathna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Value Health Reg Issues"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns9020025","article-title":"Parental awareness, knowledge, and attitudes regarding current and future newborn bloodspot screening: the first report from Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Wilaiwongsathien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.26719\/2014.20.1.17","article-title":"Expanding the comprehensive national neonatal screening programme in the United Arab Emirates from 1995 to 2011","volume":"20","author":"Al Hosani","year":"2014","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20220011","DOI":"10.1590\/2326-4594-jiems-2022-0011","article-title":"Expected benefits and challenges of using economic evaluations to make decisions about the content of newborn screening programs in Vietnam: a scoping review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Hoa Ho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inborn Errors Metab Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2022.16082022","article-title":"Newborn screening: from the past to the future","volume":"57","author":"Aktuglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0690-z","article-title":"Newborn screening In North America","volume":"30","author":"Therrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib99","first-page":"77","article-title":"The results of expanded newborn screening in the Czech Republic","volume":"69","author":"Votava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cesk Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib100","first-page":"A06190341","article-title":"Danish expanded newborn screening is a successful preventive public health programme","volume":"67","author":"Lund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/jms.5.1.20","article-title":"Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Estonia","volume":"5","author":"Mikelsaar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02118-4","article-title":"Incidence of primary congenital hypothyroidism over 24 years in Finland","volume":"93","author":"Danner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2022.02.001","article-title":"Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism: time to lower the TSH threshold in France","volume":"29","author":"Levaillant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2005.097","article-title":"Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Hessen, Germany: efficiency of the screening program and school achievement of 129 children at an age of 8\u201312 years","volume":"33","author":"H\u00f6pfner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib105","first-page":"659","article-title":"[Congenital hypothyroidism in Iceland 1979\u20131993.]","volume":"81","author":"Thorsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Laeknabladid"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14940","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism in Northern Ireland: 40 years\u2019 experience of national screening programme","volume":"99","author":"Darrat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib107","first-page":"52","article-title":"Newborn screening for PKU and congenital hypothyroidism in Latvia","volume":"30","author":"Lugovska","year":"1999","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib108","first-page":"584","article-title":"[Screening of newborn infants in Norway for severe metabolic disease]","volume":"115","author":"Pettersen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895507","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.895507","article-title":"Primary congenital hypothyroidism in children below 3 years old-etiology and treatment with overtreatment and undertreatment risks, a 5-year single centre experience","volume":"13","author":"Lipska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns10010016","article-title":"History of neonatal screening of congenital hypothyroidism in Portugal","volume":"10","author":"Costeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"issue":"(Supplement 1)","key":"2026070712574929900_bib111","first-page":"173","article-title":"Screening for congenital hypothyroidism in the Russian federation (1997\u20132012)","volume":"82","author":"Bezlepkina","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-015-2630-5","article-title":"Changes in the incidence and etiology of congenital hypothyroidism detected during 30 years of a screening program in central Serbia","volume":"175","author":"Mitrovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns3030025","article-title":"The first results of extended newborn screening in Slovakia\u2014differences between the majority and the roma ethnic group","volume":"3","author":"Dluholucky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns6020042","article-title":"Expanded screening of one million Swedish babies with R4S and CLIR for post-analytical evaluation of data","volume":"6","author":"S\u00f6rensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032817","article-title":"Prevalence of transient hypothyroidism in children diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism between 2000 and 2016","volume":"24","author":"Gm\u00fcr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070712574929900_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000350039","article-title":"Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: comparison of borderline screening cut-off points and the effect on the number of children treated with levothyroxine","volume":"2","author":"Langham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"}],"container-title":["European Thyroid Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/etj.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/etj\/14\/1\/ETJ-24-0327.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/etj.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/etj\/14\/1\/ETJ-24-0327.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ETJ-24-0327\/34486\/etj-24-0327.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ETJ-24-0327\/34486\/etj-24-0327.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:28:32Z","timestamp":1783445312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article\/14\/1\/e240327\/4669\/Newborn-screening-for-congenital-hypothyroidism"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/etj-24-0327","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-0802","2235-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-0802","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2235-0640","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"article-number":"e240327"}}