{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:09:55Z","timestamp":1788286195092,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":244,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA132918, NO1-CP-21178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA132918, NO1-CP-21178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish thyroid ultrasound volume norms appropriate for studies of diffuse goiter in a cohort of children and adolescents from an iodine-deficient population exposed to 131I by the Chernobyl fallout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort of 11,970 Belarusians aged \u226418 years at the time of the 1986 Chernobyl accident with individual thyroid radiation dose estimates was screened 10\u201318 years later. From these, a low-dose subset of 2,392 with no thyroid diseases was selected to construct age- and sex-specific normative values for thyroid ultrasound volume, compared to Belarusian Ministry of Health (MOH) norms and existing WHO and European standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort-specific values were generally lower than MOH norms and WHO standards for 11\u201317-year-olds. For those aged \u226518 years, internal norms were 30% higher in males and 15\u201330% lower in females than MOH norms, and exceeded European values for both sexes. Thyroid volume norms were about 40% higher in males and 30% higher in females as a function of BSA compared to European values. Thyroid volume continued to increase in both sexes, and by age 30\u201334 years, cohort-specific norms were 6% higher in males and 26% higher in females than European values. Urinary iodine concentration did not significantly explain variance in thyroid volume beyond sex, age, and BSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this iodine-deficient cohort of young Belarusians exposed to 131I by Chernobyl fallout, thyroid ultrasound volumes differed substantially from MOH norms and established WHO standards, prompting a revision of diffuse goiter definition using cohort-specific normative values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-25-0085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:20:13Z","timestamp":1750256413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation of established thyroid ultrasound volume norms in a Chernobyl 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