{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:42:18Z","timestamp":1786628538464,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid eye disease (TED) is characterized by orbital inflammation, fibroblast activation, and pathological tissue remodeling. While autoimmunity to the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) initiates disease, the contribution of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF\u03b1), to fibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling remains incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mouse model of TED was generated by immunization with a plasmid encoding the human TSHR A-subunit. Orbital tissues were analyzed for immune cell infiltration and cytokine expression. Primary murine orbital fibroblasts (mOFs) from TSHR- and control \u03b2-Gal-immunized mice were treated with TNF\u03b1 or IFN\u03b3. The expression of cytokines, chemokines, adiponectin, TGF\u03b2, hyaluronic acid (HA), and hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) was assessed by ELISA, qPCR, and western blotting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TSHR-immunized mice displayed marked orbital macrophage infiltration accompanied by elevated TNF\u03b1 levels. TNF\u03b1 induced a strong proinflammatory response in mOFs, with robust IL-6 and IL-8 secretion and an IL-6-dominant profile in TSHR-derived cells. TNF\u03b1 also upregulated CCL2, CCL20, and CXCL10, supporting enhanced immune cell recruitment. Moreover, TNF\u03b1 reduced adiponectin while increasing TGF\u03b2 in TSHR mOFs, indicating activation of profibrotic pathways. TNF\u03b1 significantly increased HA production and HAS2 expression, particularly in TSHR-derived fibroblasts, demonstrating enhanced ECM synthesis under autoimmune conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings identify TNF\u03b1 as a central regulator linking inflammation to adipogenic suppression, profibrotic signaling, and ECM remodeling in a TSHR-immunized mouse model of TED. Enhanced HA\/HAS2 induction underscores a disease-specific sensitivity of orbital fibroblasts to TNF\u03b1. Targeting TNF\u03b1 or its downstream IL-6\/TGF\u03b2\u2013ECM axis may offer a promising therapeutic strategy to limit pathological tissue remodeling in TED.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-25-0407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:53:27Z","timestamp":1784541207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TNF\u03b1 drives disease-specific chemokine networks and orbital tissue remodeling in a preclinical model of thyroid eye disease"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anke","family":"Daser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen 2 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Gulbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mareike","family":"Horstmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamila","family":"Kalisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen 2 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Insa","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen 2 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Hashemi Arani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen 2 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Mattheis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen 2 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos E","family":"Bechrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Paul","family":"Banga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Eckstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3380-2635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gina-Eva","family":"G\u00f6rtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orbital Diseases Science Lab (ODSL), Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen 1 , ,","place":["Essen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010263431707","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"343","author":"Weetman","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00680.2006","article-title":"Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is\/is not mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species","volume":"101","author":"Berchner-Pfannschmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1220935","article-title":"Current insights into the pathogenesis of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"41","author":"Eckstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.10","article-title":"Autoimmunity and Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"91","author":"Bahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-016-0239-3","article-title":"[Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy]","volume":"113","author":"Eckstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib6","first-page":"1385","article-title":"[Graves\u2019 orbitopathy]","volume":"233","author":"Eckstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.094607","article-title":"Clinical features of dysthyroid optic neuropathy: a European Group on Graves\u2019 orbitopathy (EUGOGO) survey","volume":"91","author":"McKeag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.02.007","article-title":"Current perspectives on the role of orbital fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"142","author":"Dik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0027","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview","volume":"29","author":"Deshmane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030010","article-title":"Clinical review 157: pathophysiology of Graves' ophthalmopathy: the cycle of disease","volume":"88","author":"Bahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2023.101773","article-title":"Chemokines in thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"37","author":"Ferrari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030380","article-title":"Relative overexpression of macrophage-derived cytokines in orbital adipose tissue from patients with Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"88","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12240","article-title":"Effects of adalimumab therapy in adult subjects with moderate-to-severe psoriasis on Th17 pathway","volume":"28","author":"Balato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701768","article-title":"The effect of etanercept on Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Paridaens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib15","article-title":"Teprotumumab in the management of thyroid eye disease mechanistic insights and adverse reactions: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1735660","article-title":"Redefining evidence for teprotumumab in thyroid eye disease: an updated meta-analysis of efficacy and safety","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf156","article-title":"The evolving landscape of thyroid eye disease: present and future","volume":"193","author":"Toro-Tobon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1829","article-title":"Comparative assessment of female mouse model of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy under different environments, accompanied by proinflammatory cytokine and T-Cell responses to thyrotropin hormone receptor antigen","volume":"157","author":"Berchner-Pfannschmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1576","article-title":"Cutting edge: retrobulbar inflammation, adipogenesis, and acute orbital congestion in a preclinical female mouse model of Graves' orbitopathy induced by thyrotropin receptor plasmid-in vivo electroporation","volume":"154","author":"Moshkelgosha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13075","article-title":"Genetic immunization with mouse thyrotrophin hormone receptor plasmid breaks self-tolerance for a murine model of autoimmune thyroid disease and Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"191","author":"Schluter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32283","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0464","article-title":"An early wave of macrophage infiltration intertwined with antigen-specific proinflammatory T cells and browning of adipose tissue characterizes the onset of orbital inflammation in a mouse model of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"32","author":"Philipp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31253-4","article-title":"Graves\u2019 orbitopathy occurs sex-independently in an autoimmune hyperthyroid mouse model","volume":"8","author":"Schluter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1555956","article-title":"Modeling Graves\u2019 orbitopathy in experimental Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"47","author":"Moshkelgosha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1304","article-title":"Pathogenic phenotype of adipogenesis and hyaluronan in orbital fibroblasts from female Graves\u2019 orbitopathy mouse model","volume":"157","author":"Gortz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1211473","article-title":"Linsitinib, an IGF-1R inhibitor, attenuates disease development and progression in a model of thyroid eye disease","volume":"14","author":"Gulbins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1993.tb00712.x","article-title":"Detection and localization of cytokine immunoreactivity in retro-ocular connective tissue in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"23","author":"Heufelder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqac203","article-title":"Macrophage-orbital fibroblast interaction and hypoxia promote inflammation and adipogenesis in Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"164","author":"G\u00f6rtz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cytokines in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1073153","article-title":"Chemokines and autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101388","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease: clinical manifestations, immune pathogenesis (cytokines and chemokines) and therapy","volume":"34","author":"Antonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib31","article-title":"Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20, a potential biomarker for Graves\u2019 disease, is regulated by osteopontin","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2785-1","article-title":"CCL20\/MIP-3 alpha mRNA expression in the conjunctival epithelium of normal individuals and patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"252","author":"Inada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.65","article-title":"Th17 cytokines stimulate CCL20 expression in keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo: implications for psoriasis pathogenesis","volume":"129","author":"Harper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad004","article-title":"Looking beyond Th17 cells: a role for Th17.1 cells in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy?","volume":"164","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0488","article-title":"Beta (CCL2) and alpha (CXCL10) chemokine modulations by cytokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonists in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"213","author":"Antonelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20199","article-title":"IL-17A promotes RANTES expression, but not IL-16, in orbital fibroblasts via CD40-CD40L combination in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"57","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib37","first-page":"903","article-title":"Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and transforming growth factor-beta on adipogenesis and expression of thyrotropin receptor in human orbital preadipocyte fibroblasts","volume":"86","author":"Valyasevi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0288OC","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces transforming growth factor-beta1 expression in lung fibroblasts through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway","volume":"32","author":"Sullivan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00647.x","article-title":"TNF-alpha induces TGF-beta1 expression in lung fibroblasts at the transcriptional level via AP-1 activation","volume":"13","author":"Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120225","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits transforming growth factor-beta-stimulated myofibroblastic differentiation and extracellular matrix production in human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"84","author":"Arancibia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/350209","article-title":"Notch signaling mediates TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 production in cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2012","author":"Jiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-022-01779-x","article-title":"Hypoxia and TNF-alpha synergistically induce expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes via enhancing TAK1\/NF-kappaB\/HIF-1alpha signaling","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.05.163","article-title":"TNF-alpha similarly induces IL-6 and MCP-1 in fibroblasts from colorectal liver metastases and normal liver fibroblasts","volume":"397","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9952","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.545822","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans signaling drives a STAT3-dependent pathway that leads to hyperactive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling promoting SMAD3 activation and fibrosis via Gremlin protein","volume":"289","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01236-6","article-title":"Activation of STAT3 integrates common profibrotic pathways to promote fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C707","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.274.3.C707","article-title":"Human orbital fibroblasts are activated through CD40 to induce proinflammatory cytokine production","volume":"274","author":"Sempowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.10.1448","article-title":"Inducible CD40 expression mediates NFkappaB activation and cytokine secretion in human colonic fibroblasts","volume":"52","author":"Gelbmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-006-9230-7","article-title":"TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-1beta modulate hyaluronan synthase expression in human skin fibroblasts: synergistic effect by concomital treatment with FeSO4 plus ascorbate","volume":"292","author":"Campo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063288","article-title":"The role of fibrogenesis and extracellular matrix proteins in the pathogenesis of graves' ophthalmopathy","volume":"25","author":"Chiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0905750","article-title":"Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"362","author":"Bahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15794","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.074534","article-title":"Mast cell-derived prostaglandin D2 controls hyaluronan synthesis in human orbital fibroblasts via DP1 activation: implications for thyroid eye disease","volume":"285","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14681","article-title":"TSH receptor specific monoclonal autoantibody K1-70(TM) targeting of the TSH receptor in subjects with Graves' disease and Graves\u2019 orbitopathy-results from a phase I clinical trial","volume":"96","author":"Furmaniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1935","article-title":"A new small-molecule antagonist inhibits Graves\u2019 disease antibody activation of the TSH receptor","volume":"96","author":"Neumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081309164727900_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1072","article-title":"Novel insights on thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor signal transduction","volume":"34","author":"Kleinau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"}],"container-title":["European Thyroid Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ETJ-25-0407\/522483\/etj-25-0407.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ETJ-25-0407\/522483\/etj-25-0407.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:17:01Z","timestamp":1786627021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article\/15\/4\/ETJ250407\/77864\/TNF-drives-disease-specific-chemokine-networks-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/etj-25-0407","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-0802"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-0802","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"article-number":"ETJ250407"}}