{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:09:39Z","timestamp":1784124579497,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excess iodine from iodinated contrast media (ICM) can lead to thyroid dysfunction. Children, especially neonates and premature infants, may be more vulnerable due to their immature thyroid physiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were studies in children \u2264 18 years receiving ICM and that reported effects on thyroid function. Exclusion criteria included topical iodine exposure, prenatal administration, and irrelevant endpoints. Case reports, reviews, and abstracts were also excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most studies reported temporary thyroid function disturbances following ICM exposure in children, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism. Overt hypothyroidism was rare and occurred mainly in neonates and high-risk groups. In certain studies, up to 25% of neonates showed TSH abnormalities, with a subset requiring levothyroxine treatment. Although even more rare, some studies also reported cases of thyrotoxicosis after ICM exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ICM exposure can lead to thyroid dysfunction in children, especially in neonates, preterm infants, and those with risk factors. Risk-based screening and monitoring are recommended to allow timely detection and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-26-0036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:11:28Z","timestamp":1782317488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of iodinated contrast media on thyroid (dys)function in children"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Freya","family":"Vancauwenbergh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven 1 , ,","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4153-4757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Decallonne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven 2 , ,","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3266-9126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anne Maria","family":"Rochtus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven 3 , ,","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae019","article-title":"Risks of iodine excess","volume":"45","author":"Sohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01412.x","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in neonates post-iodinated contrast media: a systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Ahmet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatrics"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000517175","article-title":"2021 European Thyroid Association Guidelines for the management of iodine-based contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Bednarczuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0459","article-title":"Prevalence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism after administration of iodinated contrast during radiographic procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Bervini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.677","article-title":"Association between iodinated contrast media exposure and incident hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"172","author":"Rhee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F21","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-303799","article-title":"A systematic review of thyroid dysfunction in preterm neonates exposed to topical iodine","volume":"99","author":"Aitken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14685","article-title":"Review shows that thyroid hormone substitution could benefit transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity but treatment strategies need to be clarified","volume":"108","author":"Eerdekens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0201","article-title":"Non-thyroidal illness in the ICU: a syndrome with different faces","volume":"24","author":"Van den Berghe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000494","article-title":"Nonthyroidal illness in critically ill children","volume":"26","author":"Jacobs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176453","article-title":"Iodine excess and hyperthyroidism","volume":"11","author":"Roti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00230-w","article-title":"Evaluation and management of the child with hypothyroidism","volume":"15","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib12","article-title":"FDA recommends thyroid monitoring in babies and young children who receive injections of iodine-containing contrast media for medical imaging","author":"US Food & Drug Adminstration","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib13","article-title":"PES statement on thyroid monitorin in infants and young children receiving iodine-containing contrast media","author":"Pediatric Endocrine Society (PES)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib14","article-title":"ACR statement on use of iodinated contrast material for medical imaging in young children and need for thyroid monitoring","author":"American College of Radiology","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F212","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314665","article-title":"Does the use of an iodine-containing contrast agent to visualise the PICC tip in preterm babies cause hypothyroidism? A randomised controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Rath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1159\/000544706","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in infants after enteral administration of iodinated contrast media: a rare but serious complication","volume":"99","author":"Pijpers","year":"2026","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048X(92)90056-F","article-title":"Effects of iopamidol on neonatal thyroid function","volume":"14","author":"Bona","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13700.x","article-title":"Thyroid complications, including overt hypothyroidism, related to the use of non-radiopaque silastic catheters for parenteral feeding in prematures requiring injection of small amounts of an iodinated contrast medium","volume":"84","author":"Ares","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatrics"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.4.730","article-title":"Iodine, thyroid function, and very low birth weight infants","volume":"98","author":"Parravicini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F239","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.77.3.F239","article-title":"Iodine and hypothyroidism in neonates with congenital heart disease","volume":"77","author":"Linder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F215","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.82.3.F215","article-title":"Thyroid function in very low birthweight infants after intravenous administration of the iodinated contrast medium iopromide","volume":"82","author":"Dembinski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1330","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in children exposed to iodinated contrast media","volume":"101","author":"Barr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.08.292","article-title":"Thyroidal response following iodine excess for cardiac catheterisation and intervention in early infancy","volume":"223","author":"Dechant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2017-00174","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in infants with congenital heart disease exposed to excess iodine","volume":"1","author":"Thaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2016-0141","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in preterm neonates exposed to iodine","volume":"45","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4163-3","article-title":"Effect of iodinated contrast medium on thyroid function: a study in children undergoing cardiac computed tomography","volume":"48","author":"Belloni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib27","first-page":"256","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in young children following exposure to iodinated contrast media: an observational study and a review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000541","article-title":"Iodinated contrast agents and risk of hypothyroidism in young children in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Jick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig Radiol"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2020-0032","article-title":"Frequency of thyroid dysfunction in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease exposed to iodinated contrast media \u2013 a long-term observational study","volume":"33","author":"Kubicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-020-04881-0","article-title":"Primary thyroid dysfunction after single intravenous iodinated contrast exposure in young children: a propensity score matched analysis","volume":"51","author":"Gilligan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05934-4","article-title":"The effect of cardiac catheterization on thyroid functions in infants with congenital heart diseases: a prospective observational study","volume":"184","author":"Elbaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib32","article-title":"Study quality assessment tools","author":"National Heart LaBI","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0462-4","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism in children: is it always subclinical?","volume":"44","author":"Gallizzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-014-0522-9","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism in children","volume":"51","author":"Shriraam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135119857704","article-title":"Congenital heart disease and thyroid dysfunction: Combination, association, and implication","volume":"10","author":"Lerner","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib36","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism and fulminant myocarditis in an adolescent with iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442337","article-title":"Iodine-induced hypothyroidism and goiter following lipiodol(TM) lymphography","volume":"138","author":"Heidemann","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12759","article-title":"Iodine-induced non-autoimmune hypothyroidism in a patient with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Takakura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"2026071509263381400_bib39","article-title":"Possible iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in a previously healthy adolescent following administration of iodinated contrast media","volume":"2021","author":"Apsan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["European Thyroid Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/etj.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/etj\/aop\/ETJ-26-0036\/ETJ-26-0036.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/etj.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/etj\/aop\/ETJ-26-0036\/ETJ-26-0036.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ETJ-26-0036\/519734\/etj-26-0036.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ETJ-26-0036\/519734\/etj-26-0036.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:26:41Z","timestamp":1784122001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article\/15\/4\/ETJ260036\/77531\/The-effect-of-iodinated-contrast-media-on-thyroid"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/etj-26-0036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-0802"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-0802","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"article-number":"ETJ260036"}}