{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:27:08Z","timestamp":1793237228187,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thyroid storm is a rare but life-threatening endocrine emergency characterised by extreme thyrotoxicosis and multi-organ dysfunction. Prompt recognition and rapid, coordinated management are essential to reduce its high mortality. This consensus statement, developed by experts in endocrinology and acute care, provides practical recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid storm. Diagnosis remains clinical, aided by validated scoring systems such as the Burch\u2013Wartofsky and Japanese Thyroid Association\/Japan Endocrine Society criteria, which also predict outcomes. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach in high-dependency or intensive care settings, incorporating supportive measures, aggressive treatment of precipitating factors, and targeted therapies. Core treatments include beta-blockade, high-dose antithyroid drugs, corticosteroids, and iodide, with careful attention to timing and contraindications. Adjunctive therapies, such as cholestyramine, lithium, plasmapheresis, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), as well as surgical thyroidectomy in selected cases, may be required for refractory disease. This guidance also highlights the need for definitive management of underlying hyperthyroidism after stabilisation. By summarising current evidence and expert consensus, this document aims to standardise care, support clinical decision-making, and improve outcomes in patients presenting with thyroid storm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-26-0043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:56:59Z","timestamp":1785934619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Management of thyroid emergencies: joint consensus statement on management of thyroid storm"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-422X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham 1 , ,","place":["Birmingham, UK"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Wales 2 , ,","place":["Cardiff, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onyebuchi","family":"Okosieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute Cardiff University School of Medicine 3 , ,","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7313-8391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Grigoris","family":"Effraimidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly 4 , ,","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh 5 , ,","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruv","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham 6 , ,","place":["Birmingham, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7318-7166","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carla","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin 7 , ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Lausanne 8 , ,","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristien","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Research, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham 9 , ,","place":["Birmingham, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0275","article-title":"National trends in incidence, mortality, and clinical outcomes of patients hospitalized for thyrotoxicosis with and without thyroid storm in the United States, 2004\u20132013","volume":"29","author":"Galindo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0334","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and incidence of thyroid storm based on nationwide surveys","volume":"22","author":"Akamizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2850","article-title":"Clinical features and hospital outcomes in thyroid storm: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"100","author":"Angell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00005-0","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism: aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0229","article-title":"2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"26","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30165-8","article-title":"Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis: thyroid storm","volume":"22","author":"Burch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004078","article-title":"Thyroid storm in the ICU: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"48","author":"Bourcier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0336","article-title":"2016 guidelines for the management of thyroid storm from the Japan Thyroid Association and Japan Endocrine Society (first edition)","volume":"63","author":"Satoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae124","article-title":"Prospective multicenter registry-based study on thyroid storm: the guidelines for management from Japan are useful","volume":"110","author":"Furukawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag054","article-title":"Approach to the patient with thyroid storm","volume":"111","author":"Kopp","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384","article-title":"2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the management of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Kahaly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag112","article-title":"Approach to the patient with severe hyperthyroidism-related complications","volume":"111","author":"Kostopoulos","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.8655","article-title":"Comparison of propylthiouracil vs methimazole for thyroid storm in critically ill patients","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s40137-013-0037-7","article-title":"Thyroidectomy under local anesthesia","volume":"2","author":"Milan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Surg Rep"},{"key":"2026081908515107200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.940672","article-title":"Thyroid storm-induced refractory multiorgan failure managed by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: a case-series","volume":"24","author":"Eltahir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"}],"container-title":["European Thyroid Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ETJ-26-0043\/523186\/etj-26-0043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/ETJ-26-0043\/523186\/etj-26-0043.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T12:52:00Z","timestamp":1787143920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/etj\/article\/15\/4\/ETJ260043\/77950\/Management-of-thyroid-emergencies-joint-consensus"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/etj-26-0043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-0802"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-0802","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"article-number":"ETJ260043"}}