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For example, in response to hormone or growth factor membrane-initiated signaling events, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to SRs alter protein\u2013protein interactions that govern the complex process of promoter or gene-set selection coupled to transcriptional repression or activation. Unique phosphorylation events allow SRs to associate or disassociate with specific cofactors that may include pioneer factors and other tethering partners, which specify the resulting transcriptome and ultimately change cell fate. The impact of PTMs on SR action is particularly profound in the context of breast tumorigenesis, in which frequent alterations in growth factor-initiated signaling pathways occur early and act as drivers of breast cancer progression toward endocrine resistance. In this article, with primary focus on breast cancer relevance, we review the mechanisms by which PTMs, including reversible phosphorylation events, regulate the closely related SRs, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor, allowing for precise biological responses to ever-changing hormonal stimuli.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/jme-15-0322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T22:44:08Z","timestamp":1454366648000},"page":"R99-R114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Modifications to glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors alter cell fate in breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Katherine A","family":"Leehy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarah M","family":"Regan Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea R","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie H","family":"Ostrander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.01.016"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09027"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0346"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-012-0127-5"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.6.1994-2008.2003"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-015-0232-3"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14065-2"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0337"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603354"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1901"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1636"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.24.3243"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.522839"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.275"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3609-7"},{"key":"2016051819044220000_56.3.R99.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke CL Graham JD 2012 Non-overlapping progesterone receptor cistromes contribute to cell-specific transcriptional outcomes. 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