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In molecular endocrinology, for example, striking advances have been made by chemists with their expertise in the identification of structure working with biologists who contributed valuable knowledge and experience. Advantage was gained from the convergence of different background, and it is notable that the whole is greater than the sum. In the determination of structure, it may be recalled that four of the world\u2019s great pioneers (Archibald Martin, Rodney Porter, Fred Sanger and Vincent du Vigneaud) were acknowledged for their fundamental contributions when individually they were awarded the Nobel Prize. They foresaw that the identification of structure would prove of outstanding importance in the future. Indeed, study of the structures of \u03b2-endorphin and enkephalin and the different forms of opiate activity they engender has led to a transformation in our understanding of chemical transmission in the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/jme-16-0033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T22:44:11Z","timestamp":1456181051000},"page":"T13-T25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["60 YEARS OF POMC: Lipotropin and beta-endorphin: a perspective"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"D G","family":"Smyth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"2016060719184379000_56.4.T13.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(77)90749-5"},{"key":"2016060719184379000_56.4.T13.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(79)91196-3"},{"key":"2016060719184379000_56.4.T13.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)91389-X","article-title":"Isolation and properties of a new, biologically active peptide from sheep pituitary glands","volume":"239","author":"Birk","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2016060719184379000_56.4.T13.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/252492a0"},{"key":"2016060719184379000_56.4.T13.5","unstructured":"Bradbury AF Smyth DG Snell CR 1975 Biosynthesis of beta-MSH and ACTH. 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