{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:18:06Z","timestamp":1784557086576,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["jme.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected women, oral or injectable progesterone containing contraceptive pills may enhance HIV-1 acquisition\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. In developing countries, Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) co-infection has been shown to be a risk for increase of HIV-1 acquisition and, if co-infected women use progesterone pills, infections may increase several fold. In this study, we used an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    cell culture system to study the effects of progesterone on HIV-1 replication and to explore the molecular mechanism of progesterone effects on infected cells. In our\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    model, CEMss cells (\n                    <jats:italic>lymphoblastoid cell line)<\/jats:italic>\n                    were infected with either HIV-1 alone or co-infected with HSV-2. HIV-1 viral load was measured with and without sex hormone treatment. Progesterone-treated cells showed an increase in HIV-1 viral load (1411.2\u2009pg\/mL) compared with cells without progesterone treatment (993.1\u2009pg\/mL). Increased cell death was noted with HSV-2 co-infection and in progesterone-treated cells. Similar observations were noted in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cells derived from three female donors. Progesterone-treated cells also showed reduced antiviral efficacy. Inflammatory cytokines and associations with biomarkers of disease progression were explored. Progesterone upregulated inflammatory cytokines and chemokines conversely and downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. Nuclear protein analysis by electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed the association of progesterone with progesterone response element (PRE), which may lead to downregulation of Bcl-2. These data indicate that progesterone treatment enhances HIV-1 replication in infected cells and co-infection with HSV-2 may further fuel this process.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/jme-16-0138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T22:09:19Z","timestamp":1471558159000},"page":"185-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Progesterone augments cell susceptibility to HIV-1 and HIV-1\/HSV-2 co-infections"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Viswanath","family":"Ragupathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Lab of Molecular VirologyDivision of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira","family":"Hewlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Lab of Molecular VirologyDivision of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 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