{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:20:17Z","timestamp":1784557217831,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["jme.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"\n Cryptochrome (\n Cry<\/jats:italic>\n )\n 1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n 2<\/jats:italic>\n are essential for circadian rhythm generation, not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of the mammalian master circadian clock, but also in peripheral organs throughout the body. CRY is also known as a repressor of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (\n Aanat<\/jats:italic>\n ) transcription; therefore,\n Cry<\/jats:italic>\n deficiency is expected to induce constantly high pineal melatonin content. Nevertheless, we previously found that the content was consistently low in melatonin-proficient\n Cry1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Cry2<\/jats:italic>\n double-deficient mice (\n Cry1<\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \/<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \/Cry2<\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \/<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n ) on C3H background. This study aims to clarify the mechanism underlying this discrepancy. In the\n Cry1<\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \/<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \/Cry2<\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \/<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n pineal, expression levels of\n Aanat<\/jats:italic>\n and clock gene\n Per1<\/jats:italic>\n were consistently high with no circadian fluctuation on the first day in constant darkness, demonstrating that CRY acts\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n as a repressor of the pineal circadian clock and AANAT. In contrast, the enzyme activity and protein levels of AANAT remained low throughout the day, supporting our previous observation of continuously low melatonin. Thus, effects of\n Cry<\/jats:italic>\n deficiency on the responses of \u03b2-adrenergic receptors were examined in cultured pineal glands. Isoproterenol, a \u03b2-adrenergic stimulant, significantly increased melatonin content, although the increase was smaller in\n Cry1<\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \/<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \/Cry2<\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \/<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n than in WT mice, during both the day and night. However, the increase in cAMP in response to forskolin was similar in both genotypes, indicating that CRY deficiency does not affect the pathway downstream of the \u03b2-adrenergic receptor. These results suggest that a lack of circadian adrenergic input due to CRY deficiency decreases \u03b2-receptor activity and cAMP levels, resulting in consistently low AANAT levels despite abundant\n Aanat<\/jats:italic>\n mRNA.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/jme-18-0101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T12:08:26Z","timestamp":1536062906000},"page":"219-229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cryptochrome deficiency enhances transcription but reduces protein levels of pineal Aanat"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Yujiro","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan"},{"name":"2Laboratory of Life and Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Education, Sapporo, Japan"},{"name":"3Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichi","family":"Honma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sato","family":"Honma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"},{"name":"4Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(01)00255-3","article-title":"Circadian and photic regulation of cryptochrome mRNAs in the rat pineal gland","volume":"41","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.09.009","article-title":"Pineal melatonin synthesis is altered in Period1 deficient mice","volume":"171","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.8.2208","article-title":"Induction and super induction of serotonin N-acetyltransferase by adrenergic drugs and denervation in rat pineal organ","volume":"69","year":"1972","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.2.599","article-title":"Postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptors potentiate the beta-adrenergic stimulation of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase","volume":"80","year":"1983b","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1768-322X.1999.tb01114.x","article-title":"Rat arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase gene: upstream and intronic components of a bipartite promoter","volume":"91","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biology of the Cell"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)80625-8","article-title":"Forskolin stimulates pinealocyte cGMP accumulation. Dramatic potentiation by an alpha 1-adrenergic----[Ca2+]I mechanism involving protein kinase C","volume":"249","year":"1989","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00697.2002","article-title":"and activity rhythm responses to light pulses in mice with the Clock mutation of and https org","author":"Melatonin","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal Physiology Regulatory Integrative Comparative Physiology"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005671200","article-title":"Characterization of the chicken serotonin N-acetyltransferase gene. Activation via clock gene heterodimer\/E box interaction","volume":"275","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.03008.x","article-title":"Pineal circadian clocks gate arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase gene expression in the mouse pineal gland","volume":"93","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"ref851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/19323","article-title":"Mammalian Cry1 and Cry2 are essential for maintenance of circadian rhythms","volume":"398","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1768-322X.1999.tb01114.x","article-title":"Rat arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase gene: upstream and intronic components of a bipartite promoter","volume":"91","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biology of the Cell"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(88)80963-X","article-title":"The in vitro activation of cyclic AMP production by either forskolin or isoproterenol in the Syrian hamster pineal during the day is not accompanied by an increase in melatonin production","volume":"157","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47586-2","article-title":"A cholera toxin substrate regulates cyclic GMP content of rat pinealocytes","volume":"262","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2007.02.003","article-title":"Rodent Aanat: intronic E-box sequences control tissue specificity but not rhythmic expression in the pineal gland","volume":"270","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5449.2531","article-title":"Photic induction of mPer1 and mPer2 in cry deficient mice lacking a biological clock","volume":"286","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90033-3","article-title":"Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus area of the hypothalamus disrupt the suprachiasmatic leads to spinal cord circuit in the melatonin rhythm generating system","volume":"10","year":"1983a","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2010.01443.x","article-title":"Loss of circadian rhythm and light-induced suppression of pineal melatonin levels in Cry1 and Cry2 double-deficient mice","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes to Cells"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.310401.x","article-title":"Role of extracellular calcium on the regulation of melatonin synthesis in the Syrian hamster pineal gland","volume":"31","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Pineal Research"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2007.02.003","article-title":"Rodent Aanat: intronic E-box sequences control tissue specificity but not rhythmic expression in the pineal gland","volume":"270","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2003-0439","article-title":"Zebrafish serotonin-N-acetyltransferase-2 gene regulation: pineal-restrictive downstream module contains a functional E-box and three photoreceptor conserved elements","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141118798","article-title":"Role of a pineal cAMP-operated arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase\/14-3-3-binding switch in melatonin synthesis","volume":"98","year":"2001","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R600036200","article-title":"Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase: \u201cthe Timezyme.\u201d","volume":"282","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.09.009","article-title":"Pineal melatonin synthesis is altered in Period1 deficient mice","volume":"171","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"164","article-title":"Daily rhythm and regulation of clock gene expression in the rat pineal gland","volume":"20","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90848-5","article-title":"Pineal N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase: control by the retinohypothalamic tract and the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"174","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07952.x","article-title":"De novo synthesis of PERIOD initiates circadian oscillation in cultured mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus after prolonged inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00923-5","article-title":"Cryptochrome-deficient mice lack circadian electrical activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00923-5","article-title":"Cryptochrome-deficient mice lack circadian electrical activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7606","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808394200","article-title":"Night\/day changes in pineal expression of >600 genes: central role of adrenergic\/cAMP signaling","volume":"284","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.2.599","article-title":"Postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptors potentiate the beta-adrenergic stimulation of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase","volume":"80","year":"1983b","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/314359a0","article-title":"Activation of protein kinase C potentiates isoprenaline-induced cyclic AMP accumulation in rat pinealocytes","volume":"314","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90033-3","article-title":"Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus area of the hypothalamus disrupt the suprachiasmatic leads to spinal cord circuit in the melatonin rhythm generating system","volume":"10","year":"1983a","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(00)00160-1","article-title":"The rat arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase E-box: differential use in a master vs. a slave oscillator","volume":"81","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.12.011","article-title":"Tryptophan hydroxylase is modulated by L-type calcium channels in the rat pineal gland","volume":"82","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/19323","article-title":"Mammalian Cry1 and Cry2 are essential for maintenance of circadian rhythms","volume":"398","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref801","first-page":"164","article-title":"Daily rhythm and regulation of clock gene expression in the rat pineal gland","volume":"20","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(01)00255-3","article-title":"Circadian and photic regulation of cryptochrome mRNAs in the rat pineal gland","volume":"41","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2670","article-title":"Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005671200","article-title":"Characterization of the chicken serotonin N-acetyltransferase gene. Activation via clock gene heterodimer\/E box interaction","volume":"275","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000327430","article-title":"A noradrenergic sensitive endogenous clock is present in the rat pineal gland","volume":"94","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2010.01443.x","article-title":"Loss of circadian rhythm and light-induced suppression of pineal melatonin levels in Cry1 and Cry2 double-deficient mice","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes to Cells"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(88)80963-X","article-title":"The in vitro activation of cyclic AMP production by either forskolin or isoproterenol in the Syrian hamster pineal during the day is not accompanied by an increase in melatonin production","volume":"157","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1979.59.3.449","article-title":"Neural regulation of circadian rhythms","volume":"59","year":"1979","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02442.x","article-title":"Suprachiasmatic control of melatonin synthesis in rats: inhibitory and stimulatory mechanisms","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00965","article-title":"Coordination of circadian timing in mammals","volume":"418","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141118798","article-title":"Role of a pineal cAMP-operated arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase\/14-3-3-binding switch in melatonin synthesis","volume":"98","year":"2001","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5449.2531","article-title":"Photic induction of mPer1 and mPer2 in cry deficient mice lacking a biological clock","volume":"286","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06457.x","article-title":"Modulation of Aanat gene transcription in the rat pineal gland","volume":"112","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R600036200","article-title":"Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase: \u201cthe Timezyme.\u201d","volume":"282","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137548","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137548","article-title":"Neurotranscriptomics: the effects of neonatal stimulus deprivation on the rat pineal transcriptome","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406871102","article-title":"Melatonin synthesis: 14-3-3-dependent activation and inhibition of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase mediated by phosphoserine-205","volume":"102","year":"2005","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600960","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600960","article-title":"Differential roles of AVP and VIP signaling in the postnatal changes of neural networks for coherent circadian rhythms in the SCN","volume":"2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"ref841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.11.050","article-title":"Autonomic and cardiovascular responses to scent stimulation are altered in cry KO mice","volume":"413","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"ref751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02442.x","article-title":"Suprachiasmatic control of melatonin synthesis in rats: inhibitory and stimulatory mechanisms","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1979.59.3.449","article-title":"Neural regulation of circadian rhythms","volume":"59","year":"1979","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1988.tb00798.x","article-title":"Permissive role of calcium in alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of pineal phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase (phospholipase C) activity","volume":"5","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Pineal Research"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.03008.x","article-title":"Pineal circadian clocks gate arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase gene expression in the mouse pineal gland","volume":"93","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2003-0439","article-title":"Zebrafish serotonin-N-acetyltransferase-2 gene regulation: pineal-restrictive downstream module contains a functional E-box and three photoreceptor conserved elements","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb13242.x","article-title":"Activators of protein kinase C act at a postreceptor site to amplify cyclic AMP production in rat pinealocytes","volume":"50","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.086728","article-title":"Reduced alpha-adrenoceptor responsiveness and enhanced baroreflex sensitivity in Cry-deficient mice lacking a biological clock","volume":"566","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.8.2208","article-title":"Induction and super induction of serotonin N-acetyltransferase by adrenergic drugs and denervation in rat pineal organ","volume":"69","year":"1972","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)80625-8","article-title":"Forskolin stimulates pinealocyte cGMP accumulation. Dramatic potentiation by an alpha 1-adrenergic----[Ca2+]I mechanism involving protein kinase C","volume":"249","year":"1989","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600960","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600960","article-title":"Differential roles of AVP and VIP signaling in the postnatal changes of neural networks for coherent circadian rhythms in the SCN","volume":"2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.21.12114","article-title":"Differential regulation of mammalian Period genes and circadian rhythmicity by cryptochromes 1 and 2","volume":"96","year":"1999","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00003.x","article-title":"Characterization of the multisynaptic neuronal control of the rat pineal gland using viral transneuronal tracing","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406871102","article-title":"Melatonin synthesis: 14-3-3-dependent activation and inhibition of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase mediated by phosphoserine-205","volume":"102","year":"2005","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90848-5","article-title":"Pineal N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase: control by the retinohypothalamic tract and the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"174","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.11.050","article-title":"Autonomic and cardiovascular responses to scent stimulation are altered in cry KO mice","volume":"413","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(00)00160-1","article-title":"The rat arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase E-box: differential use in a master vs. a slave oscillator","volume":"81","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137548","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137548","article-title":"Neurotranscriptomics: the effects of neonatal stimulus deprivation on the rat pineal transcriptome","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.086728","article-title":"Reduced alpha-adrenoceptor responsiveness and enhanced baroreflex sensitivity in Cry-deficient mice lacking a biological clock","volume":"566","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00665.x","article-title":"See-saw signal processing in pinealocytes involves reciprocal changes in the \u03b11-adrenergic component of the cyclic GMP response and the \u03b2-adrenergic component of cyclic AMP response","volume":"47","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.310401.x","article-title":"Role of extracellular calcium on the regulation of melatonin synthesis in the Syrian hamster pineal gland","volume":"31","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Pineal Research"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.12.011","article-title":"Tryptophan hydroxylase is modulated by L-type calcium channels in the rat pineal gland","volume":"82","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07952.x","article-title":"De novo synthesis of PERIOD initiates circadian oscillation in cultured mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus after prolonged inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06457.x","article-title":"Modulation of Aanat gene transcription in the rat pineal gland","volume":"112","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/314359a0","article-title":"Activation of protein kinase C potentiates isoprenaline-induced cyclic AMP accumulation in rat pinealocytes","volume":"314","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2670","article-title":"Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"ref871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.21.12114","article-title":"Differential regulation of mammalian Period genes and circadian rhythmicity by cryptochromes 1 and 2","volume":"96","year":"1999","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47586-2","article-title":"A cholera toxin substrate regulates cyclic GMP content of rat pinealocytes","volume":"262","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb13242.x","article-title":"Activators of protein kinase C act at a postreceptor site to amplify cyclic AMP production in rat pinealocytes","volume":"50","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00003.x","article-title":"Characterization of the multisynaptic neuronal control of the rat pineal gland using viral transneuronal tracing","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00965","article-title":"Coordination of circadian timing in mammals","volume":"418","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00697.2002","article-title":"and activity rhythm responses to light pulses in mice with the Clock mutation of and https org","author":"Melatonin","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal Physiology Regulatory Integrative Comparative Physiology"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7606","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808394200","article-title":"Night\/day changes in pineal expression of >600 genes: central role of adrenergic\/cAMP signaling","volume":"284","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1988.tb00798.x","article-title":"Permissive role of calcium in alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of pineal phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase (phospholipase C) activity","volume":"5","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Pineal Research"},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00665.x","article-title":"See-saw signal processing in pinealocytes involves reciprocal changes in the \u03b11-adrenergic component of the cyclic GMP response and the \u03b2-adrenergic component of cyclic AMP response","volume":"47","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"ref881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000327430","article-title":"A noradrenergic sensitive endogenous clock is present in the rat pineal gland","volume":"94","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Molecular Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jme.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/jme\/61\/4\/JME-18-0101.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jme.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jme\/61\/4\/JME-18-0101.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:53:34Z","timestamp":1784555614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/jme\/article\/61\/4\/219-229\/14290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/jme-18-0101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-5041","1479-6813"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-5041","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-6813","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}}}