{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:36:04Z","timestamp":1790663764231,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":450,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["jme.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adipose tissue is the primary source of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in obesity. Macrophage numbers and pro-inflammatory gene expression are positively associated with adipocyte size. Free fatty acid and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 involve in a vicious cycle between adipocytes and macrophages aggravating inflammatory changes. Thereby, M1 macrophages form a characteristic \u2018crown-like structure (CLS)\u2019 around necrotic adipocytes in obese adipose tissue. In obese women, CLSs of breast adipose tissue are responsible for both increase in local aromatase activity and aggressive behavior of breast cancer cells. Interlinked molecular mechanisms between adipocyte\u2013macrophage\u2013breast cancer cells in obesity involve seven consecutive processes: Excessive release of adipocyte- and macrophage-derived inflammatory cytokines, TSC1\u2013TSC2 complex\u2013mTOR crosstalk, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and excessive oxidative stress generation, uncoupled respiration and hypoxia, SIRT1 controversy, the increased levels of aromatase activity and estrogen production. Considering elevated risks of estrogen receptor (E2R)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer growth in obesity, adipocyte\u2013macrophage crosstalk is important in the aforementioned issues. Increased mTORC1 signaling in obesity ensures the strong activation of oncogenic signaling in E2R\u03b1-positive breast cancer cells. Since insulin and insulin-like growth factors have been identified as tumor promoters, hyperinsulinemia is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in breast cancer despite peripheral insulin resistance. The unpredictable effects of adipocyte-derived leptin\u2013estrogen\u2013macrophage axis, and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)\u2013adipose-resident macrophage axis in obese postmenopausal patients with breast cancer are unresolved mechanistic gaps in the molecular links between the tumor growth and adipocytokines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/jme-18-0252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T10:43:48Z","timestamp":1546944228000},"page":"R201-R222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The effect of adipocyte\u2013macrophage crosstalk in obesity-related breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ayse Basak","family":"Engin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atilla","family":"Engin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ipek Isik","family":"Gonul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref2391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2000.29","article-title":"Rapamycin inhibits human adipocyte differentiation in primary culture","volume":"8","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obesity Research"},{"key":"ref3661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 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