{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:19:04Z","timestamp":1784557144542,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["jme.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"images\/JME-23-0021inf1.jpeg\"\/>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Built on our recent work that heart rates (HRs) and function in\n                      <jats:italic>Gambusia holbrooki<\/jats:italic>\n                      are sexually dimorphic, this study assessed whether the species is an appropriate model to study sex-hormone effects on heart physiology. With a hypothesis that 17\u03b2-estradiol (E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and 17\u03b1-methyltestosterone (MT) regulate the HR of juvenile\n                      <jats:italic>G. holbrooki<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a sex-specific manner, genetic males and females were treated with E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and MT, respectively, and the HR; (bpm) was measured an hour following treatment using light-cardiogram. Results showed the HRs (bpm) of both sexes were significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) altered compared to controls. Specifically, the E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      accelerated HR in the males and conversely MT decelerated the HR in the females. The normal expression levels of estrogen (\n                      <jats:italic>er\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>er\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and G protein-coupled estrogen (\n                      <jats:italic>gper<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) receptor genes were significantly higher (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) in female than male hearts. Interestingly, the activity of the\n                      <jats:italic>er\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the heart of the MT-treated females reversed and was significantly lower (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) than those of males while\n                      <jats:italic>er\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>gper<\/jats:italic>\n                      were non-responsive. In contrast, significant down- and up-regulation of\n                      <jats:italic>er\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>gper<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively, occurred in the liver of MT-treated females. Morphological observations suggest that MT caused hepatomegaly, somewhat resembling an inflating balloon, perhaps induced by the accumulation of unexpelled gases. E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced ventricular angiogenesis in males was likely due to an influx of blood supply caused by the increased HRs. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the juvenile\n                      <jats:italic>G. holbrooki<\/jats:italic>\n                      heart readily responds to E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/MT in a sex-specific manner.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/jme-23-0021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T15:51:40Z","timestamp":1683647500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex steroids have opposing effects on heart rate of juveniles, Gambusia holbrooki"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7099-6355","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyed Ehsan","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia"},{"name":"Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8002-9078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Komeil","family":"Razmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-4627","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jawahar G","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"International Journal of Angiology","first-page":"135","article-title":"Liver abnormalities in cardiac diseases and heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Alvarez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alvarez AM & Mukherjee D2011Liver abnormalities in cardiac diseases and heart failure. 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