{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:19:43Z","timestamp":1784557183419,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing cells of the pars tuberalis (PT) display distinct characteristics that differ from those of the pars distalis (PD). The mRNA expression of\n                    <jats:italic>TSH\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>GSU<\/jats:italic>\n                    in PT has a circadian rhythm and is inhibited by melatonin via melatonin receptor type 1; however, the detailed regulatory mechanism for\n                    <jats:italic>TSH<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in the PT remains unclear. To identify the factors that affect PT, a microarray analysis was performed on laser-captured PT tissue to screen for genes coding for receptors that are abundantly expressed in the PT. In the PT, we found high expression of the\n                    <jats:italic>KA2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which is an ionotropic glutamic acid receptor (iGluR). In addition, the amino acid transporter A2 (\n                    <jats:italic>ATA2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), also known as the glutamine transporter, and glutaminase (\n                    <jats:italic>GLS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), as well as\n                    <jats:italic>GLS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were highly expressed in the PT compared to the PD. We examined the effects of glutamine and glutamic acid on\n                    <jats:italic>TSH<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>GSU<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in PT slice cultures.\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -Glutamine and\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -glutamic acid significantly stimulated\n                    <jats:italic>TSH<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in PT slices after 2- and 4-h treatments, and the effect of\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -glutamic acid was stronger than that of\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -glutamine. In contrast, treatment with glutamine and glutamic acid did not affect\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>GSU<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in the PT or the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>TSH<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>GSU<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the PD. These results strongly suggest that glutamine is taken up by PT cells through ATA2 and that glutamic acid locally converted from glutamine by Gls induces\n                    <jats:italic>TSH<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression via the KA2 in an autocrine and\/or paracrine manner in the PT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-11-0388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,5]],"date-time":"2012-01-05T18:31:53Z","timestamp":1325788313000},"page":"383-394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Glutamine and glutamic acid enhance thyroid-stimulating hormone \u03b2 subunit mRNA expression in the rat pars tuberalis"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"212","author":[{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Aizawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1_29620850","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2007.01603.x","volume":"19","author":"Aizawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of neuroendocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0953-8194","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"3","key":"2_18413818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0912-8","volume":"317","author":"Arai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell and tissue 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