{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:19:05Z","timestamp":1784557145654,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A variety of illnesses that leads to profound changes in the hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid (HPT) are axis collectively known as the nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). NTIS is characterized by decreased tri-iodothyronine (T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and thyroxine (T\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and inappropriately low TSH serum concentrations, as well as altered hepatic thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism. Spontaneous caloric restriction often occurs during illness and may contribute to NTIS, but it is currently unknown to what extent. The role of diminished food intake is often studied using experimental fasting models, but partial food restriction might be a more physiologically relevant model. In this comparative study, we characterized hepatic TH metabolism in two models for caloric restriction: 36\u200ah of complete fasting and 21 days of 50% food restriction. Both fasting and food restriction decreased serum T\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration, while after 36-h fasting serum T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    also decreased. Fasting decreased hepatic T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    but not T\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations, while food restriction decreased both hepatic T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and T\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations. Fasting and food restriction both induced an upregulation of liver D3 expression and activity, D1 was not affected. A differential effect was seen in\n                    <jats:italic>Mct10<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA expression, which was upregulated in the fasted rats but not in food-restricted rats. Other metabolic pathways of TH, such as sulfation and UDP-glucuronidation, were also differentially affected. The changes in hepatic TH concentrations were reflected by the expression of T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -responsive genes\n                    <jats:italic>Fas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Spot14<\/jats:italic>\n                    only in the 36-h fasted rats. In conclusion, limited food intake induced marked changes in hepatic TH metabolism, which are likely to contribute to the changes observed during NTIS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-14-0533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]],"date-time":"2014-10-28T03:22:24Z","timestamp":1414466544000},"page":"25-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Differential effects of fasting vs food restriction on liver thyroid hormone metabolism in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"E M","family":"de Vries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H C","family":"van Beeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M 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