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Thyroid-stimulating hormone locally activates thyroid hormone via induction of type 2 deiodinase in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Thyroid hormone then induces morphological changes in the terminals of neurons that express gonadotropin-releasing hormone and facilitates gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland. In mammals, light information is received by photoreceptors in the retina and neurally transmitted to the pineal gland, where it inhibits the synthesis and secretion of melatonin, which is crucial for seasonal reproduction. Importantly, the signaling pathway downstream of light detection and signaling is fully conserved between mammals and birds. In fish, the regulatory components of seasonal reproduction are integrated, from light detection to neuroendocrine output, in a fish-specific organ called the saccus vasculosus. Various physiological processes in humans are also influenced by seasonal environmental changes. The findings discussed herein may provide clues to addressing human diseases, such as seasonal affective disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-16-0066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]],"date-time":"2016-04-12T00:19:39Z","timestamp":1460420379000},"page":"R117-R127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Molecular basis for regulating seasonal reproduction in vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Taeko","family":"Nishiwaki-Ohkawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratory of Animal PhysiologyGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan"},{"name":"2Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratory of Animal PhysiologyGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan"},{"name":"2Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan"},{"name":"3Division of Seasonal BiologyNational Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan"},{"name":"4Avian Bioscience Research CenterGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"2016062318390957000_229.3.R117.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00599-4"},{"key":"2016062318390957000_229.3.R117.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730410361918"},{"key":"2016062318390957000_229.3.R117.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0313"},{"key":"2016062318390957000_229.3.R117.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1622"},{"key":"2016062318390957000_229.3.R117.5","first-page":"669","article-title":"Le role des yeux dans l\u2019action stimulante de la lumiere sure le developpement testiulaire chez le canard","volume":"118","author":"Benoit","year":"1935","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus des S\u00e9ances et M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Biologie"},{"key":"2016062318390957000_229.3.R117.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344003"},{"key":"2016062318390957000_229.3.R117.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borg B 2010 Phoroperiodism in fishes. 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