{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:19:59Z","timestamp":1784557199061,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    An intriguing area of research in thyroidology is the recently discovered association of insulin resistance with thyroid functional and morphological abnormalities. Individuals with hyperinsulinemia have larger thyroid gland and a higher prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer. Accordingly, patients treated with metformin have a smaller thyroid volume and a lower risk of incident goiter, thyroid nodule and cancer. Multiple studies\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    have demonstrated that metformin can inhibit the growth of thyroid cells and different types of thyroid cancer cells by affecting the insulin\/IGF1 and mTOR pathways. Besides, metformin treatment was associated with a decrease in the levels of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in diabetic patients possibly by enhancing the effects of thyroid hormones in the pituitary and activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Based on this evidence, metformin appears to be a promising therapeutic tool in patients with thyroid disease. More clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical significance of metformin for the treatment of thyroid diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-16-0450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]],"date-time":"2017-02-14T20:35:12Z","timestamp":1487104512000},"page":"R43-R51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Metformin and thyroid disease"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Xianghui","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Chinese Medicine Hospital in Linyi CityLinyi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Derwahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, St. Hedwig Hospital, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 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