{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:22:18Z","timestamp":1793046138673,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aging affects almost all physiological processes, but changes in body composition and body phenotype are most observable. In this review, we focus on these changes, including loss of bone and muscle and increase in body fat or redistribution of the latter, possibly leading to osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome. We also address low-grade chronic inflammation, prevalent in aging adults and a cause of many disorders including those associated with body composition. Changes in dietary intake and nutritional requirements of older individuals, that all may lead to some disturbances on tissue and organ levels, are discussed as well. Finally, we discuss the hormonal changes in the aging body, considering each of the tissues, bone, muscle and fat as separate endocrine organs, but yet in the continuous interface and communication with each other. Although there are still many unanswered questions in this field, this review will enable the readers to better understand the aging human body and measures needing to be implemented toward reducing impaired health and disability in older individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-16-0603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T20:55:26Z","timestamp":1493153726000},"page":"R37-R51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":267,"title":["Aging human body: changes in bone, muscle and body fat with consequent changes in nutrient intake"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Pegah","family":"JafariNasabian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of NutritionFood and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia E","family":"Inglis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of NutritionFood and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendimere","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of NutritionFood and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen J","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Abbott NutritionColumbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasminka Z","family":"Ilich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of NutritionFood and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2174\/1574887109666141216102458","article-title":"Role of adipokines and cytokines in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000018","article-title":"Skeletal muscle troponin as a novel biomarker to enhance assessment of the impact of strength training on fall prevention in the older adults","volume":"63","author":"Abreu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25377","article-title":"Body composition parameters and adipokines levels in relation to bone mineral density in patients with malignant bone tumors after treatment","volume":"62","author":"Ambroszkiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatric Blood & Cancer"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76632","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076632","article-title":"Validity of U.S. nutritional surveillance: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey caloric anergy intake data, 1971\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"Archer","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-38265"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000063","article-title":"Protein intake and bone health","volume":"81","author":"Bonjour","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20961","article-title":"Identification of sex-specific thresholds for accumulation of visceral adipose tissue in adults","volume":"23","author":"Bosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.06.014","article-title":"Marrow fat composition in anorexia nervosa","volume":"66","author":"Bredella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.4.501","article-title":"Increased protein requirements in elderly people: new data and retrospective reassessments","volume":"60","author":"Campbell","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-6-30"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.06.003"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212033272305"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-013-9356-7","article-title":"Nuclear tropomyosin and troponin in striated muscle: new roles in a new locale?","volume":"34","author":"Chase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1011"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623348"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000442004","article-title":"Association between sarcopenic obesity and bone mineral density in middle-aged and elderly Korean","volume":"68","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1138"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.8.829"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.19","first-page":"E524","article-title":"Compartmental body composition based on total-body nitrogen, potassium, and calcium","volume":"239","author":"Cohn","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.11.058"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.9.2107","article-title":"Sodium excretion influences calcium homeostasis in elderly men and women","volume":"126","author":"Dawson-Hughes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-0017-x"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/42.6.8189035"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2002-1","article-title":"Discriminating sarcopenia in community-dwelling older women with high frequency of overweight\/obesity","volume":"24","author":"Domiciano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls109"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03398"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.005926"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/1715163513499530","article-title":"Reducing polypharmacy in the elderly: cases to help you \u201crock the boat\u201d.","volume":"146","author":"Farrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0010"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34782","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034782","article-title":"Globular adiponectin activates motility and regenerative traits of muscle satellite cells","volume":"7","author":"Fiaschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0491-2","article-title":"Dehydration in the elderly: a review focused on economic burden","volume":"19","author":"Frangeskou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1554S","article-title":"Current protein intake in America: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003\u20132004","volume":"87","author":"Fulgoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.02.004","article-title":"Vitamin D and aging","volume":"42","author":"Gallagher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.09.026"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i1.151","article-title":"Adiponectin: probe of the molecular paradigm associating diabetes and obesity","volume":"6","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Journal of Diabetes"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2422"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.38","first-page":"419","article-title":"Ageing and the glomerular filtration rate: truths and consequences","volume":"120","author":"Glassock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10156"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00069","article-title":"Fatty infiltration of skeletal muscle: mechanisms and comparisons with bone marrow adiposity","volume":"7","author":"Hamrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.12.2504"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1989.69.3.990","article-title":"Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone","volume":"69","author":"Hauschka","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.300S","article-title":"Bone health","volume":"85","author":"Heaney","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.328"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098613482484","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and risks of mineral deficiency: evidence and clinical implications.","volume":"3","author":"Heidelbaugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.11.009","article-title":"Osteosarcopenic obesity and fall prevention strategies","volume":"80","author":"Hita-Contreras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2364"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.1.150","article-title":"Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study","volume":"87","author":"Houston","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01548.x"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.5.B209"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.51","first-page":"103","article-title":"Age related shift in visceral fat","volume":"8","author":"Hunter","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Body Composition Research"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-65-2014-2541","article-title":"Low-grade chronic inflammation perpetuated by modern diet as a promoter of obesity and osteoporosis","volume":"65","author":"Ilich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.02.007"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7325973","article-title":"Osteosarcopenic Obesity Syndrome: What is it and how can it be identified and diagnosed?","volume":"2016","author":"Ilich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3186-y","article-title":"Osteosarcopenic obesity is associated with reduced handgrip strength, walking abilities, and balance in postmenopausal women","volume":"26","author":"Ilich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601577"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2000.10718070"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1412-z","article-title":"Higher habitual sodium intake is not detrimental for bones in older women with adequate calcium intake","volume":"109","author":"Ilich","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.59","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2012 Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Report, National Academy of Sciences, USA."},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.5.1954"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2000.0790121060.x"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0089"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S106107","article-title":"Osteosarcopenic obesity in women: Prevalence, impact and management challenges","volume":"9","author":"JafariNasabian","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.05.001","article-title":"Sarcopenia \u2013 The search for emerging biomarkers","volume":"22","author":"Kalinkovich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.65","first-page":"819","article-title":"Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kalyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.4.489"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0642"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.56.1.401"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10763"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.04.012","article-title":"Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may mutually benefit both obesity and osteoporosis","volume":"33","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition Research"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609809666160509122001","article-title":"Micronutrient intake in the etiology, prevention and treatment of osteosarcopenic obesity.","volume":"9","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Aging Science"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609809666160509122558","article-title":"Macronutrient intake and distribution in the etiology, prevention and treatment of osteosarcopenic obesity.","volume":"10","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Aging Science"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12154","article-title":"Association of serum vitamin D with osteosarcopenic obesity: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008\u20132010","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115407","article-title":"Impact of visceral fat on skeletal muscle mass and vice versa in a prospective cohort study: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS)","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-013-3803-5"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650111005","article-title":"Effect of parathyroid hormone (hPTH[1-34]) infusion on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in normal women","volume":"11","author":"Kinyamu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.08.006","article-title":"Adiponectin as a routine clinical biomarker","volume":"28","author":"Kishida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.78","first-page":"429","article-title":"Relation of leptin, adiponectin and insulin resistance to bone mineral density in type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women","volume":"62","author":"Koroglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endokrynologia Polska"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090807"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.80","first-page":"238","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of chronic kidney disease","volume":"176","author":"Lazarus","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2011000500001"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.006","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of bone and energy metabolism","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2012.06.008","article-title":"Adiponectin and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle.","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000456320003700402"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2378-6"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12340","article-title":"High serum adiponectin is associated with low blood haemoglobin in elderly men: the Swedish MrOS study","volume":"278","author":"Lewerin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00110","article-title":"Hypothalamic leptin gene therapy reduces bone marrow adiposity in ob\/ob mice fed regular and high-fat diets","volume":"7","author":"Lindenmaier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.899259","article-title":"Leptin influences healing in the sprague dawley rat fracture model","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.89","first-page":"1524","article-title":"Assessment of bone marrow changes in postmenopausal women with varying bone densities: magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chinese Medical Journal"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2012.10720018","article-title":"Evidence for the association between abdominal fat and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese African American women","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.91","first-page":"1452","article-title":"New insight into fat, muscle and bone relationship in women: determining the threshold at which body fat assumes negative relationship with bone mineral density","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060707"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.827660","article-title":"Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderly","volume":"13","author":"Maher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Safety"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E567","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00315.2011","article-title":"Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"301","author":"Mantzoros","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiolog, Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.2.417","article-title":"Urinary calcium, sodium, and bone mass of young females","volume":"62","author":"Matkovic","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0134-1","article-title":"Reductions in C-reactive protein in older adults with type 2 diabetes are related to improvements in body composition following a randomized controlled trial of resistance training","volume":"5","author":"Mavros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.5.1957","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of aging on lung function at rest and exercise in healthy active fit elderly adults","volume":"78","author":"McClaran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3205","article-title":"The skeleton and the sympathetic nervous system:","volume":"97","author":"Motyl","year":"2012","journal-title":"it\u2019s about time! Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.10.004"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.100","unstructured":"Ortman JM Velkoff VA Hogan H (2014) An aging nation: the older population in the United States current population reports."},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.03.210"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.102","first-page":"457","article-title":"Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ","volume":"8","author":"Pedersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12239","article-title":"Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Pereira-Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0484"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2014.04.004","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory triggers in childhood obesity: correlation between leptin, adiponectin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in a group of obese Portuguese children","volume":"33","author":"Pires","year":"2014","journal-title":"Portuguese Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5411.143"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9600.1000213","article-title":"Controversies in vitamin D recommendations and its possible roles in nonskeletal health issues","volume":"3","author":"Post","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.3.327"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.109","unstructured":"Pray L Boon C Ann Miller E Pillsbury L (2010) Institude of Medicine of the National Academies. Providing healthy and safe foods as we age: Workshop summary."},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.4.2234"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650111218","article-title":"Correcting calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women","volume":"11","author":"Recker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0492-z"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.10.003"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.114","first-page":"e146","article-title":"Vitamin B 12 deficiency and metformin use.","volume-title":"Vitamins & Minerals","volume":"5","author":"Reilly","year":"2016"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00502-1"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0070"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20031004"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.118","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Higher inflammatory marker levels in older persons: associations with 5-year change in muscle mass and muscle strength","volume":"64","author":"Schaap","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.012809.104655","article-title":"Bone metabolism in obesity and weight loss","volume":"21","author":"Shapses","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Reviews of Nutrition"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12327"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2010.11.009"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0b013e31828af203","article-title":"Physical performance in relation to body composition and bone mineral density in healthy, overweight, and obese postmenopausal women","volume":"37","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011555"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12659","article-title":"Healthy overweight\/obese youth: early osteosarcopenic obesity features","volume":"46","author":"Stefanaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.07.004"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2011.08.011","article-title":"Aging-associated cardiovascular changes and their relationship to heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Strait","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Failure Clinics"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2009.12.011"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.144"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001535"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.10.021","article-title":"The role of leptin in regulating bone metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030604"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.01.007","article-title":"Associations between domains of physical activity, sitting time, and different measures of overweight and obesity","volume":"3","author":"Wanner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060206"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200525102"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1639"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1076-7460.2002.00998.x"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2007.00004.x"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1322"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.144"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.081778"},{"key":"2017062017101031000_234.1.R37.141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2167-y","article-title":"Increased osteogenesis in osteoporotic bone marrow stromal cells by overexpression of leptin","volume":"361","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell and Tissue Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/joe\/234\/1\/R37.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/joe\/234\/1\/R37.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:55:47Z","timestamp":1784555747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/joe\/article\/234\/1\/R37-R51\/8018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/joe-16-0603","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0795","1479-6805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0795","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-6805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}}}