{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:20:24Z","timestamp":1784557224638,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":238,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Evidence for the presence of pituitary gland stem cells has been provided over the last decade using a combination of approaches including\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    clonogenicity assays, flow cytometric side population analysis, immunohistochemical analysis and genetic approaches. These cells have been demonstrated to be able to self-renew and undergo multipotent differentiation to give rise to all hormonal lineages of the anterior pituitary. Furthermore, evidence exists for their contribution to regeneration of the organ and plastic responses to changing physiological demand. Recently, stem-like cells have been isolated from pituitary neoplasms raising the possibility that a cytological hierarchy exists, in keeping with the cancer stem cell paradigm. In this manuscript, we review the evidence for the existence of pituitary stem cells, their role in maintaining organ homeostasis and the regulation of their differentiation. Furthermore, we explore the emerging concept of stem cells in pituitary tumours and their potential roles in these diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-17-0258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]],"date-time":"2017-08-30T20:40:15Z","timestamp":1504125615000},"page":"R1-R13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Stem\/progenitor cells in pituitary organ homeostasis and tumourigenesis"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Haston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Manshaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pedro","family":"Martinez-Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0184-3","article-title":"Nuclear \u03b2-catenin accumulation associates with epithelial morphogenesis in craniopharyngiomas","volume":"113","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"ref1461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1034","article-title":"Somatotropinomas, but not nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, maintain a functional apoptotic RET\/Pit1\/ARF\/p53 pathway that is blocked by excess GDNF","volume":"155","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1034","article-title":"Somatotropinomas, but not nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, maintain a functional apoptotic RET\/Pit1\/ARF\/p53 pathway that is blocked by excess GDNF","volume":"155","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref2201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196109\/10)14:5<971::AID-CNCR2820140510>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Quantitative studies of autotransplantation of human cancer","volume":"14","year":"1961","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref1021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10637","article-title":"Self-formation of functional adenohypophysis in three-dimensional culture","volume":"480","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0185","article-title":"The adult pituitary contains a cell population displaying stem\/progenitor cell and early embryonic characteristics","volume":"146","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114705","article-title":"Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors are monoclonal in origin","volume":"86","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref1591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6332","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801644105","article-title":"Genetic approaches identify adult pituitary stem cells","volume":"105","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref591","first-page":"275","article-title":"Cell stem cell evolution of the cancer stem cell model.","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref1141","first-page":"4879","article-title":"Phenotypical and pharmacological characterization of stem-like cells in human pituitary adenomas.","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1126\/science.560061","article-title":"Primary bioassay of human tumor stem cells.","volume":"197","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20401","article-title":"Mechanisms for pituitary tumorigenesis: the plastic pituitary.","volume":"112","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-14-0546","article-title":"Pituitary tumors contain a side population with tumor stem cell-associated characteristics","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"ref921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.02.015","article-title":"The cancer stem cell niche: how essential is the niche in regulating stemness of tumor cells?","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref1841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1407","article-title":"Adult pituitary cell maintenance: lineage-specific contribution of self-duplication","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref2041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092350111","article-title":"Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary gland of normal adult rats: Influences of sex, estrous cycle, and circadian change","volume":"235","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anatomical Record"},{"key":"ref2351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605142","article-title":"Isolation of tumour stem-like cells from benign tumours","volume":"101","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.08.017","article-title":"Heterogeneity in cancer: cancer stem cells versus clonal evolution.","volume":"138","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101553108","article-title":"Increased Wingless (Wnt) signaling in pituitary progenitor\/stem cells gives rise to pituitary tumors in mice and humans.","volume":"108","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12226","article-title":"Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma","volume":"41","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref1281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0797-730","article-title":"Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell","volume":"3","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"ref2291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07523.x","article-title":"Pituitary stem\/progenitor cells: embryonic players in the adult gland?","volume":"32","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00282-3","article-title":"A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeoproteins.","volume":"104","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref1511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707886105","article-title":"SOX2-expressing progenitor cells generate all of the major cell types in the adult mouse pituitary gland.","volume":"105","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1407","article-title":"Adult pituitary cell maintenance: lineage-specific contribution of self-duplication","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.5414\/NPP28309","article-title":"Evidence for a progenitor cell population in the human pituitary.","volume":"28","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref1221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0530291100","article-title":"Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells.","volume":"100","year":"2003","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.3.515","article-title":"Pituitary ontogeny of the Snell dwarf mouse reveals Pit-1-independent and Pit-1-dependent origins of the thyrotrope","volume":"120","year":"1994","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2011.0496","article-title":"Activated phenotype of the pituitary stem\/progenitor cell compartment during the early-postnatal maturation phase of the gland","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells and Development"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1861-5","article-title":"PRRX1 and PRRX2 distinctively participate in pituitary organogenesis and a cell-supply system","volume":"357","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell and Tissue Research"},{"key":"ref2031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9835-2","article-title":"Stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression in pituitary adenoma tissues and upregulation in hypoxia","volume":"94","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref951","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111756","article-title":"Heterogeneity of clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia","volume":"75","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"27","article-title":"Stem cells and their role in pituitary tumorigenesis.","volume":"445","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0673","article-title":"Modulation of the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret\/glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling: a new player in reproduction induced anterior pituitary plasticity?","volume":"152","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000371806","article-title":"Aggressive pituitary tumors","volume":"101","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref1331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-005-1004-x","article-title":"Common mutations of \u03b2-catenin in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas but not in other tumours originating from the sellar region.","volume":"109","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"ref1801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1209","article-title":"Nestin-immunoreactive cells in rat pituitary are neither hormonal nor typical folliculo-stellate cells","volume":"146","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1209","article-title":"Nestin-immunoreactive cells in rat pituitary are neither hormonal nor typical folliculo-stellate cells","volume":"146","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref741","first-page":"105","article-title":"Tumor heterogeneity: causes and consequences.","volume":"1805","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"3973","article-title":"Different patterns of allelic loss (loss of heterozygosity) in recurrent human pituitary tumors provide evidence for multiclonal origins","volume":"6","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"ref1501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2581","article-title":"Dll1+ secretory progenitor cells revert to stem cells upon crypt damage","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biology"},{"key":"ref2141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.07.006","article-title":"Mobilized adult pituitary stem cells contribute to endocrine regeneration in response to physiological demand","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref2271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00077.2016","article-title":"VacaAMGuidoCBSosa delVNicolaJPMukdsiJPetitiJPTorresAI The expansion of adult stem \/ progenitor cells and their marker expression fluctuations are linked with pituitary plastic adaptation during gestation and lactancy of : and https org","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal Physiology Endocrinology Metabolism"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/embr.201338254","article-title":"Dedifferentiation and reprogramming: origins of cancer stem cells.","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"key":"ref1161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.05.027","article-title":"PROP1 coexists with SOX2 and induces PIT1-commitment cells","volume":"385","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"ref1301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/199079a0","article-title":"A quantitative assay for the number of murine lymphoma cells capable of proliferation in vivo","volume":"199","year":"1963","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref1961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20401","article-title":"Mechanisms for pituitary tumorigenesis: the plastic pituitary.","volume":"112","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref851","first-page":"9","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of progenitor mesenchymal cells in human pituitary tumors","volume":"22","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Therapy"},{"key":"ref1851","article-title":"Pathology and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas and other sellar lesions","volume-title":"EndoText","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000079045","article-title":"Pituitary tumour clonality revisited","volume":"32","year":"2004","journal-title":"Frontiers of Hormone Research"},{"key":"ref1011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1475","article-title":"Concise review: the Yin and Yang of intestinal (cancer) stem cells and their progenitors.","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref1311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01524.x","article-title":"Pituitary tumours are multiclonal from the outset: evidence from a case with dural metastases","volume":"56","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1126\/science.560061","article-title":"Primary bioassay of human tumor stem cells.","volume":"197","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref1271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07602","article-title":"Crypt stem cells as the cells-of-origin of intestinal cancer","volume":"457","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref1431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000079045","article-title":"Pituitary tumour clonality revisited","volume":"32","year":"2004","journal-title":"Frontiers of Hormone Research"},{"key":"ref171","first-page":"241","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas","volume":"29","year":"2004","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinologica"},{"key":"ref1381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000371806","article-title":"Aggressive pituitary tumors","volume":"101","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref1781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0008","article-title":"Genetic regulation of pituitary gland development in human and mouse","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"dev.150490","article-title":"MAPK pathway activation in the embryonic pituitary results in stem cell compartment expansion, differentiation defects and provides insights into the pathogenesis of papillary craniopharyngioma.","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref1341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0184-3","article-title":"Nuclear \u03b2-catenin accumulation associates with epithelial morphogenesis in craniopharyngiomas","volume":"113","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"ref1491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0229","article-title":"Sca1+ murine pituitary adenoma cells show tumor-growth advantage","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"ref1291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2868","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies BRAF mutations in papillary craniopharyngiomas","volume":"46","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"ref1321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12625","article-title":"The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution","volume":"501","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref1791","first-page":"275","article-title":"Cell stem cell evolution of the cancer stem cell model.","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref1061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.5.7548","article-title":"GDNF and RET-gene expression in anterior pituitary-cell types","volume":"141","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0797-730","article-title":"Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell","volume":"3","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0530291100","article-title":"Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells.","volume":"100","year":"2003","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref1881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.3.515","article-title":"Pituitary ontogeny of the Snell dwarf mouse reveals Pit-1-independent and Pit-1-dependent origins of the thyrotrope","volume":"120","year":"1994","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref1121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-8-6","article-title":"Cancer stem cells in solid tumors: elusive or illusive?","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Communication and Signaling"},{"key":"ref2391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1296","article-title":"Brief report: Intravital imaging of cancer stem cell plasticity in mammary tumors.","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1740147","article-title":"Physiological implications of pituitary trophic activity","volume":"174","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref991","first-page":"5821","article-title":"Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors.","volume":"63","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"ref1521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/embr.201338254","article-title":"Dedifferentiation and reprogramming: origins of cancer stem cells.","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"key":"ref1981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160596","article-title":"The epidermal polarity protein Par3 is a non-cell autonomous suppressor of malignant melanoma","volume":"214","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"ref2281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2007.04.006","article-title":"Non-hormonal cell types in the pituitary candidating for stem cell.","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196109\/10)14:5<971::AID-CNCR2820140510>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Quantitative studies of autotransplantation of human cancer","volume":"14","year":"1961","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref941","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.07.006","article-title":"Mobilized adult pituitary stem cells contribute to endocrine regeneration in response to physiological demand","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref1871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1740147","article-title":"Physiological implications of pituitary trophic activity","volume":"174","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10676","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study of 123 cases of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas with special reference to multihormone production and clonality of the adenomas","volume":"95","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref1921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12226","article-title":"Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma","volume":"41","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref1541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1152","article-title":"The adult pituitary shows stem\/progenitor cell activation in response to injury and is capable of regeneration","volume":"153","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2012.02336.x","article-title":"Paired-related homeodomain proteins Prx1 and Prx2 are expressed in embryonic pituitary stem\/progenitor cells and may be involved in the early stage of pituitary differentiation","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref1771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2012.03.039","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of pituitary adenomas","volume":"73","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annales d\u2019Endocrinologie"},{"key":"ref2151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111756","article-title":"Heterogeneity of clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia","volume":"75","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref1811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65323-0","article-title":"Apoptosis in nontumorous and neoplastic human pituitaries: expression of the Bcl-2 family of proteins","volume":"154","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000375502","article-title":"Pituitary cell turnover: from adult stem cell recruitment through differentiation to death.","volume":"101","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref1561","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2187","article-title":"LavandeiraMSaezCDiaz Craniopharyngiomas express embryonic stem cell markers SOX SOX as pituitary stem cells but do not coexpress RET receptors of and https org","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism"},{"key":"ref2091","first-page":"1","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine.","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells International"},{"key":"ref1371","first-page":"241","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas","volume":"29","year":"2004","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinologica"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.64","article-title":"Aggressive pituitary adenomas\u2014diagnosis and emerging treatments","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.4.8383","article-title":"Glial-derived neurotropic factor and RET gene expression in normal human anterior pituitary cell types and in pituitary tumors","volume":"87","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1998.00191.x","article-title":"Anterior pituitary cell population control: basal cell turnover and the effects of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone treatment","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.10.048","article-title":"Specification of functional cranial placode derivatives from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref1601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2011.0496","article-title":"Activated phenotype of the pituitary stem\/progenitor cell compartment during the early-postnatal maturation phase of the gland","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells and Development"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-0957-9","article-title":"Identification of novel pathways involved in the pathogenesis of human adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma","volume":"124","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00402.x","article-title":"Clonality of pituitary tumours: more complicated than initially envisaged?","volume":"11","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Pathology"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65323-0","article-title":"Apoptosis in nontumorous and neoplastic human pituitaries: expression of the Bcl-2 family of proteins","volume":"154","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"ref1741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1177\/42.8.8027530","article-title":"In situ hybridization analysis of anterior pituitary hormone gene expression during fetal mouse development","volume":"42","year":"1994","journal-title":". Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry"},{"key":"ref1711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601910370979","article-title":"A postnatal Pax7 progenitor gives rise to pituitary adenomas","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes and Cancer"},{"key":"ref881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0030","article-title":"Paracrine and endocrine effects of adipose tissue on cancer development and progression","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"ref651","article-title":"Pathology and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas and other sellar lesions","volume-title":"EndoText","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2001-1326-2-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of chemoresistance in cancer stem cells","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical and Translational Medicine"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601636","article-title":"The dependence receptor Ret induces apoptosis in somatotrophs through a Pit-1\/p53 pathway, preventing tumor growth","volume":"26","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2267","article-title":"Concise review: paracrine role of stem cells in pituitary tumors: a focus on adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma","volume":"34","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4815","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004815","article-title":"A GRFa2\/Prop1\/Stem (GPS) cell niche in the pituitary","volume":"4","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref2321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-8-6","article-title":"Cancer stem cells in solid tumors: elusive or illusive?","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Communication and Signaling"},{"key":"ref1581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101553108","article-title":"Increased Wingless (Wnt) signaling in pituitary progenitor\/stem cells gives rise to pituitary tumors in mice and humans.","volume":"108","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248373","article-title":"\u03b2-Catenin activation regulates tissue growth non-cell autonomously in the hair stem cell niche","volume":"343","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref1171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02198.x","article-title":"Significant quantitative and qualitative transition in pituitary stem\u200a\/\u200a progenitor cells occurs during the postnatal development of the rat anterior pituitary","volume":"23","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2868","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies BRAF mutations in papillary craniopharyngiomas","volume":"46","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"ref901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14470","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.14470","article-title":"PROP1 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like process in pituitary stem cells","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2012.03.039","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of pituitary adenomas","volume":"73","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annales d\u2019Endocrinologie"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.07.004","article-title":"Sox2+ stem\/progenitor cells in the adult mouse pituitary support organ homeostasis and have tumor-inducing potential","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.51","article-title":"Pituitary progenitor cells tracked down by side population dissection","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref2231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2012.02336.x","article-title":"Paired-related homeodomain proteins Prx1 and Prx2 are expressed in embryonic pituitary stem\/progenitor cells and may be involved in the early stage of pituitary differentiation","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref1761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1293","article-title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression in lactotrophs from postlactating rats: involvement in dopamine-induced apoptosis.","volume":"148","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160596","article-title":"The epidermal polarity protein Par3 is a non-cell autonomous suppressor of malignant melanoma","volume":"214","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"ref2381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.11.001","article-title":"Notch-dependent pituitary SOX2+ stem cells exhibit a timed functional extinction in regulation of the postnatal gland","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref891","first-page":"1","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine.","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells International"},{"key":"ref2331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1741","article-title":"Regeneration in the pituitary after cell-ablation injury: time-related aspects and molecular analysis","volume":"157","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9835-2","article-title":"Stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression in pituitary adenoma tissues and upregulation in hypoxia","volume":"94","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref2241","article-title":"Progress in the diagnosis and classification of pituitary adenomas","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25581","article-title":"Expression of the stem cell marker CD133 in recurrent glioblastoma and its value for prognosis","volume":"117","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3184","article-title":"Cancer stem cells: an evolving concept.","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cancer"},{"key":"ref2251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.3.377","article-title":"Hedgehog signaling is required for pituitary gland development","volume":"128","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3184","article-title":"Cancer stem cells: an evolving concept.","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cancer"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-6-1427","article-title":"Clonal origin of pituitary adenomas","volume":"71","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref1641","first-page":"dev.150490","article-title":"MAPK pathway activation in the embryonic pituitary results in stem cell compartment expansion, differentiation defects and provides insights into the pathogenesis of papillary craniopharyngioma.","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-005-1004-x","article-title":"Common mutations of \u03b2-catenin in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas but not in other tumours originating from the sellar region.","volume":"109","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"ref2021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1998.00191.x","article-title":"Anterior pituitary cell population control: basal cell turnover and the effects of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone treatment","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref2301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2499","article-title":"Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: accumulating evidence and unresolved questions.","volume":"8","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cancer"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707886105","article-title":"SOX2-expressing progenitor cells generate all of the major cell types in the adult mouse pituitary gland.","volume":"105","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0287-6","article-title":"Adamantinomatous and papillary craniopharyngiomas are characterized by distinct epigenomic as well as mutational and transcriptomic profiles","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Communications"},{"key":"ref1261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-06-0014","article-title":"Role of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1\/CXCL12) in regulating anterior pituitary function","volume":"38","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07602","article-title":"Crypt stem cells as the cells-of-origin of intestinal cancer","volume":"457","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1177\/42.8.8027530","article-title":"In situ hybridization analysis of anterior pituitary hormone gene expression during fetal mouse development","volume":"42","year":"1994","journal-title":". Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry"},{"key":"ref1451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248373","article-title":"\u03b2-Catenin activation regulates tissue growth non-cell autonomously in the hair stem cell niche","volume":"343","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2011","article-title":"Cellular and molecular specificity of pituitary gland physiology","volume":"92","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1293","article-title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression in lactotrophs from postlactating rats: involvement in dopamine-induced apoptosis.","volume":"148","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0185","article-title":"The adult pituitary contains a cell population displaying stem\/progenitor cell and early embryonic characteristics","volume":"146","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.4.8383","article-title":"Glial-derived neurotropic factor and RET gene expression in normal human anterior pituitary cell types and in pituitary tumors","volume":"87","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref2211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1475","article-title":"Concise review: the Yin and Yang of intestinal (cancer) stem cells and their progenitors.","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.10.005","article-title":"Non-cell-autonomous regulation of cellular senescence in cancer","volume":"26","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Cell Biology"},{"key":"ref1181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.11.001","article-title":"Notch-dependent pituitary SOX2+ stem cells exhibit a timed functional extinction in regulation of the postnatal gland","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref1661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1861-5","article-title":"PRRX1 and PRRX2 distinctively participate in pituitary organogenesis and a cell-supply system","volume":"357","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell and Tissue Research"},{"key":"ref871","first-page":"411","article-title":"Mouse myeloma tumor stem cells: a primary cell culture assay","volume":"46","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0673","article-title":"Modulation of the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret\/glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling: a new player in reproduction induced anterior pituitary plasticity?","volume":"152","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.03.003","article-title":"The challenge of targeting cancer stem cells to halt metastasis.","volume":"44","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seminars in Cancer Biology"},{"key":"ref1211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.03.003","article-title":"The challenge of targeting cancer stem cells to halt metastasis.","volume":"44","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seminars in Cancer Biology"},{"key":"ref1041","article-title":"Progress in the diagnosis and classification of pituitary adenomas","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.10.048","article-title":"Specification of functional cranial placode derivatives from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref1671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213328.64121.12","article-title":"Nuclear beta-catenin accumulation as reliable marker for the differentiation between cystic craniopharyngiomas and rathke cleft cysts: a clinico-pathologic approach.","volume":"30","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Surgical Pathology"},{"key":"ref2061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25581","article-title":"Expression of the stem cell marker CD133 in recurrent glioblastoma and its value for prognosis","volume":"117","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2187","article-title":"LavandeiraMSaezCDiaz Craniopharyngiomas express embryonic stem cell markers SOX SOX as pituitary stem cells but do not coexpress RET receptors of and https org","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213328.64121.12","article-title":"Nuclear beta-catenin accumulation as reliable marker for the differentiation between cystic craniopharyngiomas and rathke cleft cysts: a clinico-pathologic approach.","volume":"30","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Surgical Pathology"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.03.031","article-title":"Evidence of brain tumor stem progenitor-like cells with low proliferative capacity in human benign pituitary adenoma","volume":"349","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Letters"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0394-4","article-title":"The identification of human pituitary adenoma-initiating cells","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Communications"},{"key":"ref1101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2499","article-title":"Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: accumulating evidence and unresolved questions.","volume":"8","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cancer"},{"key":"ref1421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00402.x","article-title":"Clonality of pituitary tumours: more complicated than initially envisaged?","volume":"11","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Pathology"},{"key":"ref2361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.05.027","article-title":"PROP1 coexists with SOX2 and induces PIT1-commitment cells","volume":"385","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"ref971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-6-1302","article-title":"Clonal composition of pituitary adenomas in patients with cushing\u2019s disease: determination by X-chromosome inactivation analysis.","volume":"73","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1593\/tlo.09136","article-title":"Brain tumor stem-like cells identified by neural stem cell marker CD15","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Translational Oncology"},{"key":"ref1351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601636","article-title":"The dependence receptor Ret induces apoptosis in somatotrophs through a Pit-1\/p53 pathway, preventing tumor growth","volume":"26","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2581","article-title":"Dll1+ secretory progenitor cells revert to stem cells upon crypt damage","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biology"},{"key":"ref1081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2007.04.006","article-title":"Non-hormonal cell types in the pituitary candidating for stem cell.","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"ref1201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2001-1326-2-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of chemoresistance in cancer stem cells","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical and Translational Medicine"},{"key":"ref2181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.08.017","article-title":"Heterogeneity in cancer: cancer stem cells versus clonal evolution.","volume":"138","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref1901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0394-4","article-title":"The identification of human pituitary adenoma-initiating cells","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Communications"},{"key":"ref2261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.5.7548","article-title":"GDNF and RET-gene expression in anterior pituitary-cell types","volume":"141","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref2081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0030","article-title":"Paracrine and endocrine effects of adipose tissue on cancer development and progression","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"ref1721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3643","article-title":"Emerging interactions between skin stem cells and their niches","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0290","article-title":"Regenerative capacity of the adult pituitary: multiple mechanisms of lactotrope restoration after transgenic ablation","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells and Development"},{"key":"ref1401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.51","article-title":"Pituitary progenitor cells tracked down by side population dissection","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref1481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90095-V","article-title":"Expression of GHF-1 protein in mouse pituitaries correlates both temporally and spatially with the onset of growth hormone gene activity","volume":"60","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12307-011-0069-4","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by senescent fibroblasts.","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Microenvironment"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1152","article-title":"The adult pituitary shows stem\/progenitor cell activation in response to injury and is capable of regeneration","volume":"153","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.3.377","article-title":"Hedgehog signaling is required for pituitary gland development","volume":"128","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref2011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1099","article-title":"Notch1 functions as a tumor suppressor in mouse skin","volume":"33","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"ref1251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.07.004","article-title":"Sox2+ stem\/progenitor cells in the adult mouse pituitary support organ homeostasis and have tumor-inducing potential","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref2071","first-page":"411","article-title":"Mouse myeloma tumor stem cells: a primary cell culture assay","volume":"46","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"ref1911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1593\/tlo.09136","article-title":"Brain tumor stem-like cells identified by neural stem cell marker CD15","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Translational Oncology"},{"key":"ref1411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.03.031","article-title":"Evidence of brain tumor stem progenitor-like cells with low proliferative capacity in human benign pituitary adenoma","volume":"349","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Letters"},{"key":"ref1131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1741","article-title":"Regeneration in the pituitary after cell-ablation injury: time-related aspects and molecular analysis","volume":"157","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1937","article-title":"Expression of chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in folliculostellate (FS) cells of the rat anterior pituitary gland: the CXCL12\/CXCR4 axis induces interconnection of FS cells","volume":"153","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref2171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-6-1302","article-title":"Clonal composition of pituitary adenomas in patients with cushing\u2019s disease: determination by X-chromosome inactivation analysis.","volume":"73","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6332","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801644105","article-title":"Genetic approaches identify adult pituitary stem cells","volume":"105","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2005.04.023","article-title":"Identification and enrichment of colony-forming cells from the adult murine pituitary","volume":"308","year":"2005","journal-title":"Experimental Cell Research"},{"key":"ref1611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V68.6.1185.1185","article-title":"Clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia","volume":"68","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0008","article-title":"Genetic regulation of pituitary gland development in human and mouse","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"ref1531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0290","article-title":"Regenerative capacity of the adult pituitary: multiple mechanisms of lactotrope restoration after transgenic ablation","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells and Development"},{"key":"ref2191","first-page":"5821","article-title":"Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors.","volume":"63","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"ref2341","first-page":"4879","article-title":"Phenotypical and pharmacological characterization of stem-like cells in human pituitary adenomas.","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01524.x","article-title":"Pituitary tumours are multiclonal from the outset: evidence from a case with dural metastases","volume":"56","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/199079a0","article-title":"A quantitative assay for the number of murine lymphoma cells capable of proliferation in vivo","volume":"199","year":"1963","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2051","first-page":"9","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of progenitor mesenchymal cells in human pituitary tumors","volume":"22","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Therapy"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90095-V","article-title":"Expression of GHF-1 protein in mouse pituitaries correlates both temporally and spatially with the onset of growth hormone gene activity","volume":"60","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref2111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2011","article-title":"Cellular and molecular specificity of pituitary gland physiology","volume":"92","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601910370979","article-title":"A postnatal Pax7 progenitor gives rise to pituitary adenomas","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes and Cancer"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0229","article-title":"Sca1+ murine pituitary adenoma cells show tumor-growth advantage","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"ref1551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4815","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004815","article-title":"A GRFa2\/Prop1\/Stem (GPS) cell niche in the pituitary","volume":"4","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref1681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.03.013","article-title":"Modeling pathogenesis of primary liver cancer in lineage-specific mouse cell types.","volume":"145","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref1991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.10.005","article-title":"Non-cell-autonomous regulation of cellular senescence in cancer","volume":"26","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Cell Biology"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V68.6.1185.1185","article-title":"Clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia","volume":"68","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref1831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00282-3","article-title":"A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeoproteins.","volume":"104","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1099","article-title":"Notch1 functions as a tumor suppressor in mouse skin","volume":"33","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.03.013","article-title":"Modeling pathogenesis of primary liver cancer in lineage-specific mouse cell types.","volume":"145","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref1731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.64","article-title":"Aggressive pituitary adenomas\u2014diagnosis and emerging treatments","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref2131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.12.016","article-title":"Identification of CD15 as a marker for tumor-propagating cells in a mouse model of medulloblastoma","volume":"15","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref1821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12307-011-0069-4","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by senescent fibroblasts.","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Microenvironment"},{"key":"ref1191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1296","article-title":"Brief report: Intravital imaging of cancer stem cell plasticity in mammary tumors.","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref1691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0287-6","article-title":"Adamantinomatous and papillary craniopharyngiomas are characterized by distinct epigenomic as well as mutational and transcriptomic profiles","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Communications"},{"key":"ref2121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.02.015","article-title":"The cancer stem cell niche: how essential is the niche in regulating stemness of tumor cells?","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref1931","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2267","article-title":"Concise review: paracrine role of stem cells in pituitary tumors: a focus on adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma","volume":"34","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref2221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10637","article-title":"Self-formation of functional adenohypophysis in three-dimensional culture","volume":"480","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114705","article-title":"Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors are monoclonal in origin","volume":"86","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref1241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-0957-9","article-title":"Identification of novel pathways involved in the pathogenesis of human adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma","volume":"124","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"ref1951","article-title":"Functional characteristics of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from pituitary adenomas","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells International"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-06-0014","article-title":"Role of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1\/CXCL12) in regulating anterior pituitary function","volume":"38","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref931","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.12.016","article-title":"Identification of CD15 as a marker for tumor-propagating cells in a mouse model of medulloblastoma","volume":"15","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref2101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14470","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.14470","article-title":"PROP1 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like process in pituitary stem cells","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref1971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-14-0546","article-title":"Pituitary tumors contain a side population with tumor stem cell-associated characteristics","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"ref1071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00077.2016","article-title":"VacaAMGuidoCBSosa delVNicolaJPMukdsiJPetitiJPTorresAI The expansion of adult stem \/ progenitor cells and their marker expression fluctuations are linked with pituitary plastic adaptation during gestation and lactancy of : and https org","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal Physiology Endocrinology Metabolism"},{"key":"ref1651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-6-1427","article-title":"Clonal origin of pituitary adenomas","volume":"71","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref2311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.5414\/NPP28309","article-title":"Evidence for a progenitor cell population in the human pituitary.","volume":"28","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref1361","first-page":"27","article-title":"Stem cells and their role in pituitary tumorigenesis.","volume":"445","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3643","article-title":"Emerging interactions between skin stem cells and their niches","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1937","article-title":"Expression of chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in folliculostellate (FS) cells of the rat anterior pituitary gland: the CXCL12\/CXCR4 axis induces interconnection of FS cells","volume":"153","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10676","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study of 123 cases of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas with special reference to multihormone production and clonality of the adenomas","volume":"95","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092350111","article-title":"Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary gland of normal adult rats: Influences of sex, estrous cycle, and circadian change","volume":"235","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anatomical Record"},{"key":"ref1091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07523.x","article-title":"Pituitary stem\/progenitor cells: embryonic players in the adult gland?","volume":"32","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref2371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02198.x","article-title":"Significant quantitative and qualitative transition in pituitary stem\u200a\/\u200a progenitor cells occurs during the postnatal development of the rat anterior pituitary","volume":"23","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref1861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2005.04.023","article-title":"Identification and enrichment of colony-forming cells from the adult murine pituitary","volume":"308","year":"2005","journal-title":"Experimental Cell Research"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12625","article-title":"The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution","volume":"501","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref1441","first-page":"3973","article-title":"Different patterns of allelic loss (loss of heterozygosity) in recurrent human pituitary tumors provide evidence for multiclonal origins","volume":"6","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"ref751","article-title":"Functional characteristics of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from pituitary adenomas","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells International"},{"key":"ref1151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605142","article-title":"Isolation of tumour stem-like cells from benign tumours","volume":"101","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"ref1571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000375502","article-title":"Pituitary cell turnover: from adult stem cell recruitment through differentiation to death.","volume":"101","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref1941","first-page":"105","article-title":"Tumor heterogeneity: causes and consequences.","volume":"1805","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/joe\/236\/1\/JOE-17-0258.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/joe\/236\/1\/JOE-17-0258.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:56:01Z","timestamp":1784555761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/joe\/article\/236\/1\/R1-R13\/4969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":238,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/joe-17-0258","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0795","1479-6805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0795","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-6805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}}}