{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:09:43Z","timestamp":1784858983954,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":376,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies over the past decade have challenged the long-held belief that pituitary hormones have singular functions in regulating specific target tissues, including master hormone secretion. Our discovery of the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on bone provided the first glimpse into the non-traditional functions of pituitary hormones. Here we discuss evolving experimental and clinical evidence that growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (AVP) regulate bone and other target tissues, such as fat. Notably, genetic and pharmacologic FSH suppression increases bone mass and reduces body fat, laying the framework for targeting the FSH axis for treating obesity and osteoporosis simultaneously with a single agent. Certain \u2018pituitary\u2019 hormones, such as TSH and oxytocin, are also expressed in bone cells, providing local paracrine and autocrine networks for the regulation of bone mass. Overall, the continuing identification of new roles for pituitary hormones in biology provides an entirely new layer of physiologic circuitry, while unmasking new therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-17-0680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]],"date-time":"2018-03-19T13:05:21Z","timestamp":1521464721000},"page":"R83-R98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Actions of pituitary hormones beyond traditional targets"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Mone","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria I","family":"New","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry C","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2The Pittsburgh VA Medical Center and Departments of Pathology and of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberta","family":"Zallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Histology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramkumarie","family":"Baliram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry F","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford J","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2010.04.003","article-title":"Contribution of serum inflammatory markers to changes in bone mineral content and density in postmenopausal women: a 1-year investigation","volume":"13","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Densitometry"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.11.001","article-title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone is independently associated with lean mass but not BMD in younger postmenopausal women","volume":"50","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref1241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00812-2","article-title":"TSH, the bone suppressing hormone.","volume":"115","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref1851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212806109","article-title":"Blocking antibody to the beta-subunit of FSH prevents bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption and stimulating bone synthesis","volume":"109","year":"2012a","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref2631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05231.x","article-title":"ACTH is a novel regulator of bone mass","volume":"1192","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref2731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.3.710","article-title":"Molecular biology of the channel catfish gonadotropin receptors: 2. 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