{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:33:25Z","timestamp":1793295205954,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Herein, we assessed milk hormones, the biochemical composition of milk, and its association with neonatal body weight gain and metabolic homeostasis in weaned rats whose mothers were undernourished in the last third of pregnancy. From the 14th day of pregnancy until delivery, undernourished mothers had their food restricted by 50% (FR50), whereas control mothers were fed\n                    <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The litter size was adjusted to eight pups, and rats were weaned at 22 days old. Milk and blood from mothers, as well as blood and tissues from pups, were collected for further analyses. At birth, FR50 pups were smaller than control pups, and they exhibited hyperphagia and rapid catch-up growth during the suckling period. On day 12, the milk from FR50 mothers had higher energy content, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and acylated ghrelin but lower leptin and corticosterone levels. Interestingly, FR50 mothers were hypoglycemic and hyperleptinemic at the end of the nursing period. Weaned FR50 pups had an obese phenotype and exhibited insulin resistance, which was associated with hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia; they also had high blood levels of total cholesterol, leptin, and acylated ghrelin. In addition, the protein expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in the hypothalamus was increased by almost 4-fold in FR50 pups. In summary, maternal calorie restriction during the last third of pregnancy disrupts energy and metabolic hormones in milk, induces pup hyperleptinemia and hyperghrelinemia, and upregulates their hypothalamic GHSR, thus suggesting that the hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuitry may be working to address the early onset of obesity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-21-0427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T06:53:11Z","timestamp":1657090391000},"page":"11-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Intrauterine malnutrition disrupts leptin and ghrelin milk hormones, programming rats"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Jocemara Patr\u00edcia Silva de Souza","family":"Parrela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingridys Regina","family":"Borkenhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Ramany Faria","family":"Salmeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thalyne Aparecida Leite","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginislene Dias Souza","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4439-9490","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hercules de Oliveira","family":"Costermani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Luiza Rodrigues dos Santos","family":"Ricken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester Vieira","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-3287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodrigo Mello","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-9348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00falio Cezar","family":"de 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