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This phenomenon is referred to as sterile metabolic inflammation (metainflammation) and occurs if the initiating stimulus is not removed or if the resolution process is disrupted. Disruption of this tightly regulated immune response and its failure to resolve as is evident in metabolic disorders is not only associated with disease progression but also leads to immune senescence and should not be neglected in the clinical management of patients. This review gives an overview of the mechanisms underlying chronic metabolic inflammation, the aberrant metabolic activation of innate immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells), and its role in disease progression using obesity\u2013diabetes as a prime example. Addressing the underlying subclinical metabolic inflammation in addition to achieving glucose control may contribute significantly towards therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing the onset of co-morbidities in diabetic patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-22-0271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T10:13:57Z","timestamp":1674468837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Immunology of chronic low-grade inflammation: relationship with metabolic function"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"257","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0861-2939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mari","family":"van de Vyver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology 1","department":["Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070806040389200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2019.1636624","article-title":"Insulin-induced lipid body accumulation is accompanied by lipid remodelling in model mast cells","volume":"8","author":"Aldan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"2026070806040389200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5814","article-title":"Evolution of NADPH oxidase inhibitors: selectivity and mechanisms for target engagement","volume":"23","author":"Altenh\u00f6fer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants and Redox Signaling"},{"key":"2026070806040389200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12515","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802805RR","article-title":"Activation of ROS\/MAPKs\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 and inhibition of efferocytosis in osteoclast-mediated diabetic osteoporosis","volume":"33","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"2026070806040389200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.10.004","article-title":"Integrating immunometabolism and macrophage diversity","volume":"28","author":"Artyomov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunology"},{"key":"2026070806040389200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.20900\/immunometab20200023","article-title":"Obesogenic memory maintains adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"2","author":"Blaszczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunometabolism"},{"key":"2026070806040389200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00318","article-title":"Resolution of inflammation: therapeutic potential of pro-resolving lipids in type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated renal complications","volume":"3","author":"B\u00f6rgeson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"2026070806040389200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4526-6","article-title":"Unique metabolic activation of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity promotes inflammatory responses","volume":"61","author":"Boutens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026070806040389200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.864638","article-title":"Itaconate Suppresses Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1) and heme oxygenase (HO-1)","volume":"13","author":"Burczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"2026070806040389200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2022.08.021","article-title":"Is insulin resistance tissue-dependent and substrate-specific? 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