{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T09:07:36Z","timestamp":1792919256564,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \u2018Pituitary tumours\u2019 is an umbrella term for various tumours originating from different regions of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary system. The vast majority of pituitary tumours are pituitary adenomas, also recently referred to as pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. The prevalence of clinically relevant pituitary adenomas is approximately 1 in 1000; other pituitary tumours such as craniopharyngioma and pituicytoma are comparatively very rare. This review addresses the molecular and genetic aspects of pituitary adenomas. We first discuss the germline genetic variants underlying familial pituitary tumours, which account for approximately 5% of all pituitary adenoma cases. This includes variants in established pituitary adenoma\/hyperplasia predisposition genes (\n                    <jats:italic>MEN1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PRKAR1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>AIP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CDKN1B<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>GPR101<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SDHA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SDHB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SDHC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SDHD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SDHAF2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as well as emerging genetic associations. In addition, we discuss McCune\u2013Albright syndrome which lies between the germline and somatic pituitary tumour genes as the causative\n                    <jats:italic>GNAS<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations are postzygotic rather than being inherited, and the condition is associated with multiglandular features due to the involvement of different cell lines rather than being limited to the pituitary. By contrast, somatic\n                    <jats:italic>GNAS<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations contribute to sporadic acromegaly.\n                    <jats:italic>USP8<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the only other gene where somatic driver mutations have been established in sporadic pituitary tumorigenesis. However, there are now known to be a variety of other somatic genetic and molecular changes underpinning sporadic pituitary adenomas which we review here, namely: copy number variation, molecular changes in signalling and hypoxia pathways, epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition, DNA repair, senescence, the immune microenvironment and epigenetics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-22-0291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T11:14:51Z","timestamp":1679570091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Pituitary tumours: molecular and genetic aspects"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"257","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0127-6482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunita M C","family":"De Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine & Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia"},{"name":"South Australian Adult Genetics Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-0832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"N\u00e8le F","family":"Lenders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia S","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warrick J","family":"Inder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"Academy for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2859-5566","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ann","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib90","series-title":"Nature Communications","first-page":"4752","article-title":"GPR101 drives growth hormone hypersecretion and gigantism in mice via constitutive activation of G(s) and G(q\/11","volume":"11","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abboud DDaly AFDupuis NBahri MAInoue AChevign\u00e9 AEctors FPlenevaux APirotte BBeckers A & Hanson J2020GPR101 drives growth hormone hypersecretion and gigantism in mice via constitutive activation of G(s) and G(q\/11). 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