{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:21:20Z","timestamp":1784557280415,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Somatostatin receptors (SSTs) are widely expressed in pituitary tumors and neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of different origins, i.e. the gastrointestinal tract and the thorax (lungs and thymus), thus representing a well-established target for medical treatment with SST ligands (SRLs). However, the response to SRLs is highly heterogeneous between tumors. Two main factors can contribute to this variability: (i) the differential SST expression among tumor types and (ii) the differential expression\/modulation of the SST-related intracellular machinery. In this literature review, we provide an overview of available data on the variable expression of SSTs in pituitary tumors and NENs, together with the resulting clinical implications. Moreover, we aim to describe the complex intracellular machinery involved in SST signaling and trafficking. Particularly, we will focus on \u03b2-arrestins and describe their role in receptor internalization and recycling, as well as the various functions of these scaffold molecules in tumor pathogenesis and progression. This review highlights the interplay between membrane receptors and intracellular machinery, together with its role in determining the clinical behavior of the tumor and the response to treatment in patients with pituitary tumors or NENs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-23-0298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T10:28:50Z","timestamp":1705314530000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Somatostatin receptors and the associated intracellular machinery: the two sides of the coin"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"260","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4974-2075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia","family":"Campana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6821-1048","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anand M","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Ferone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4897-2197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leo J","family":"Hofland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"PNAS","first-page":"18488","article-title":"Discovery of beta-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 ligands for probing signal transduction pathways essential for antipsychotic efficacy","volume":"108","author":"Allen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen JAYost JMSetola VChen XSassano MFChen MPeterson SYadav PNHuang XPFeng B, et al.2011Discovery of beta-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 ligands for probing signal transduction pathways essential for antipsychotic efficacy. 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