{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:02:39Z","timestamp":1789689759915,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"SERB-TARE","award":["TAR\/2022\/000097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TAR\/2022\/000097"]}]},{"name":"Council of Scientific and Industral Research, Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MLP-2035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MLP-2035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Various metabolic abnormalities, including obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperthyroidism and low vitamin D levels, have been linked to both osteopenia and sarcopenia. Osteosarcopenia is also commonly observed in older age groups, notably in postmenopausal women. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a labile incretin secreted from the intestinal L-cells, stimulates insulin secretion and sensitivity, making it an effective anti-diabetic medication. GLP-1 binds to its receptor, the GLP-1 receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, and leads to the stimulation of adenylate cyclase, increasing the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Elevated cAMP then activates protein kinase A and other downstream signaling pathways. These signaling cascades result in various cellular responses, such as enhanced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, improved insulin sensitivity and modulation of appetite and gastric emptying. In addition, GLP-1 signaling can promote cell growth and survival, contributing to its effects on muscle and bone health. Its role as an anti-diabetic medication has been enhanced through various modifications to extend its half-life, thereby improving its effectiveness and druggability. GLP-1 analogs, initially developed for diabetes management, have also been harnessed for obesity treatment due to the effect of GLP-1 to induce satiety and slow gastric emptying. Beyond their well-known anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects, GLP-1 agonists can enhance muscle mass and bone density, making them valuable in addressing conditions such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis. This review focuses on the effects of GLP-1 analogs on musculoskeletal health by critically assessing the underlying signaling mechanisms in order to understand their translational potential for the treatment of osteosarcopenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-24-0210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T09:11:20Z","timestamp":1733821880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The role of glucagon-like peptides in osteosarcopenia"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Enaya","family":"Tufail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh 1 , , ,","place":["Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somali","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh 1 , , ,","place":["Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrish","family":"Mithal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chairman and Head of Endocrinology and Diabetes at Max Healthcare 2 , ,","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8603-3828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sabyasachi","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute 3 , ,","place":["Lucknow, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2473-0246","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naibedya","family":"Chattopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute 4 , ,","place":["Lucknow, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35394","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035394","article-title":"The effects of exenatide and insulin glargine treatments on bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in postmenopausal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"102","author":"Akyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1787","article-title":"Expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor is regulated by the glucose concentration in mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells","volume":"34","author":"Aoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.01.013","article-title":"The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP) receptor as a therapeutic target in Parkinson\u2019s disease: mechanisms of action","volume":"21","author":"Athauda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01364.x","article-title":"A 5-week study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LY2189265, a novel, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Barrington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.06.005","article-title":"Incretin-based therapies: mimetics versus protease inhibitors","volume":"18","author":"Brubaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S340537","article-title":"Sarcopenia in menopausal women: current perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Buckinx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12465","article-title":"Harnessing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the pharmacological treatment of overweight and obesity","volume":"18","author":"Burcelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00992.x","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in healthy subjects","volume":"11","author":"Bush","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3361309","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on bone mineral density in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 52-week clinical study","volume":"2021","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6020055","article-title":"Role of physical activity in bone-muscle crosstalk: biological aspects and clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"Cariati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2022.09.003","article-title":"Forkhead box O signaling pathway in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"192","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861878","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.861878","article-title":"Challenges to improve bone healing under diabetic conditions","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S443631","article-title":"Assessment of changes in body composition after 3 months of dulaglutide treatment","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI133572","article-title":"Muscle-derived interleukin 6 increases exercise capacity by signaling in osteoblasts","volume":"130","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/902186","article-title":"Irisin enhances osteoblast differentiation in vitro","volume":"2014","author":"Colaianni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib16","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Collins","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020224","article-title":"The impact of GLP1 agonists on bone metabolism: a systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Daniilopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050903","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase IV resistant analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 which have extended metabolic stability and improved biological activity","volume":"41","author":"Deacon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.021","article-title":"Antidepressant activity of anti-hyperglycemic agents in experimental models: a review","volume":"14","author":"Essmat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabol Synd"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1093\/micmic\/ozad102","article-title":"Effect of liraglutide on osteoporosis in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study","volume":"29","author":"Fathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microsc Microanalysis"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.04.017","article-title":"Intermittent injections of osteocalcin improve glucose metabolism and prevent type 2 diabetes in mice","volume":"50","author":"Ferron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14255","article-title":"Effects of oral semaglutide on energy intake, food preference, appetite, control of eating and body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Gibbons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2005.02.017","article-title":"Canonical Wnt signaling in differentiated osteoblasts controls osteoclast differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Glass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2019.07.010","article-title":"Myokines: the endocrine coupling of skeletal muscle and bone","volume":"94","author":"Gomarasca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044284","article-title":"Glucagon like peptide-1-induced glucose metabolism in differentiated human muscle satellite cells is attenuated by hyperglycemia","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.47.1.57","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1(7-36) amide stimulates exocytosis in human pancreatic \u03b2-cells by both proximal and distal regulatory steps in stimulus-secretion coupling","volume":"47","author":"Gromada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.07.015","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on myokine levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Guarnotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154044","article-title":"Long acting GLP-1 analog liraglutide ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents","volume":"103","author":"Gurjar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39104.362951.80","article-title":"Translating animal research into clinical benefit","volume":"334","author":"Hackam","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz312","article-title":"Muscle weakness and selective muscle atrophy in osteoprotegerin-deficient mice","volume":"29","author":"Hamoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102624","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide versus placebo in adults with increased fracture risk: a randomised, double-blinded, two-centre, phase 2 trial","volume":"72","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283514e13","article-title":"What causes the insulin resistance underlying obesity?","volume":"19","author":"Hardy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2024.117314","article-title":"Exercise-induced interactions between skeletal muscle and bone via myokines and osteokine in mice: role of FNDC5\/irisin, IGF-1, and osteocalcin","volume":"190","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585644","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.585644","article-title":"Bone and muscle crosstalk in aging","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.12.007","article-title":"Enhanced bone regeneration via endochondral ossification using exendin-4-modified mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioactive Mater"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.1.2","article-title":"The roles of osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand in the paracrine regulation of bone resorption","volume":"15","author":"Hofbauer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/361362a0","article-title":"Pancreatic beta-cells are rendered glucose-competent by the insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1(7-37)","volume":"361","author":"Holz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12434","article-title":"Amelioration of muscle wasting by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in muscle atrophy","volume":"10","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030357","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of using glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists","volume":"60","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-33","article-title":"Drugs developed to treat diabetes, liraglutide and lixisenatide, cross the blood brain barrier and enhance neurogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Hunter","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166770","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide attenuates chronic liver disease-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in diabetic mice","volume":"1869","author":"Iwai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01168","article-title":"GLP-1 improves adipocyte insulin sensitivity following induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-015-0286-8","article-title":"Diabetes and its effect on bone and fracture healing","volume":"13","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13025","article-title":"Amelioration of inflammatory myopathies by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist via suppressing muscle fibre necroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Kamiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-061121-091348","article-title":"Osteocalcin: a multifaceted bone-derived hormone","volume":"43","author":"Karsenty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.22.0054","article-title":"Effects of muscles on bone metabolism-with a focus on myokines","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Geriatr Med Res"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.01.001","article-title":"Exendin-4 increases bone mineral density in type 2 diabetic OLETF rats potentially through the down-regulation of SOST\/sclerostin in osteocytes","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115053","article-title":"Association of serum sclerostin levels with low skeletal muscle mass: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS)","volume":"128","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126578","article-title":"Effects of incretin-related diabetes drugs on bone formation and bone resorption","volume":"22","author":"Kitaura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1021\/jm9909645","article-title":"Potent derivatives of glucagon-like peptide-1 with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once daily administration","volume":"43","author":"Knudsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/078538902321012351","article-title":"Regulation of glucose transport in human skeletal muscle","volume":"34","author":"Koistinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.10.2821","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of dulaglutide, a once weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, for the management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"126","author":"Kuritzky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030690","article-title":"Estrogens in adipose tissue physiology and obesity-related dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Kury\u0142owicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13598","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on secretions of insulin and glucagon and gastric emptying in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective, observational study","volume":"12","author":"Kuwata","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Invest"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2003.10.005","article-title":"IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha\/IL-1: interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology","volume":"15","author":"Kwan Tat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2017.22.1.15","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2855","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist albiglutide versus sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment: a randomized phase III study","volume":"37","author":"Leiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-13-36","article-title":"Changes in liraglutide-induced body composition are related to modifications in plasma cardiac natriuretic peptides levels in obese type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetology"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110523","article-title":"Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, suppresses osteoclastogenesis through the inhibition of NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways via GLP-1R","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0084","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium channels via a protein kinase A- and ADP-dependent mechanism","volume":"16","author":"Light","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S404392","article-title":"Liraglutide in combination with insulin has a superior therapeutic effect to either alone on fracture healing in diabetic rats","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Synd Obes"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2016.08.005","article-title":"Impact of obesity on bone metabolism","volume":"63","author":"L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol Nutr"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735374","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.735374","article-title":"The role of osteokines in sarcopenia: therapeutic directions and application prospects","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12779","article-title":"Dapagliflozin once-daily and exenatide once-weekly dual therapy: a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study examining effects on body weight and prediabetes in obese adults without diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Lundkvist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1898","article-title":"Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, prevents osteopenia by promoting bone formation and suppressing bone resorption in aged ovariectomized rats","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59965","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs): cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00834.x","article-title":"The major determinant of exendin-4\/glucagon-like peptide 1 differential affinity at the rat glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor N-terminal domain is a hydrogen bond from SER-32 of exendin-4","volume":"160","author":"Mann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-024-02418-8","article-title":"Current knowledge of bone-derived factor osteocalcin: its role in the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis and inflammatory joint diseases","volume":"102","author":"Martiniakova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0356","article-title":"Weight loss\u2013independent effect of liraglutide on insulin sensitivity in individuals with obesity and prediabetes","volume":"73","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4810","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1518","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"93","author":"Matthews","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2022.170749","article-title":"GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling in beta cells \u2013 a review of receptor interactions and co-stimulation","volume":"151","author":"Mayendraraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.005","article-title":"Liraglutide can reverse memory impairment, synaptic loss and reduce plaque load in aged APP\/PS1 mice, a model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"76","author":"McClean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0529-11.2011","article-title":"The diabetes drug liraglutide prevents degenerative processes in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"McClean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.02.002","article-title":"Activation of GLP-1 receptor promotes bone marrow stromal cell osteogenic differentiation through \u03b2-catenin","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.07.002","article-title":"Osteocalcin is necessary and sufficient to maintain muscle mass in older mice","volume":"5","author":"Mera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105081","article-title":"The role of GSK-3\u03b2 in the regulation of protein turnover, myosin phenotype, and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle under disuse conditions","volume":"22","author":"Mirzoev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e328350a6e1","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and bone fractures","volume":"19","author":"Moseley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)","volume":"30","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13129","article-title":"Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Nauck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02427280","article-title":"Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Nauck","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1M134","article-title":"Liraglutide: a once-daily incretin mimetic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Neumiller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00090","article-title":"Preventive effects of dulaglutide on disuse muscle atrophy through inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis by induction of Hsp72 expression","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.06.010","article-title":"Exendin-4 exerts osteogenic actions in insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic states","volume":"159","author":"Nuche-Berenguer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22243","article-title":"Presence of a functional receptor for GLP-1 in osteoblastic cells, independent of the cAMP-linked GLP-1 receptor","volume":"225","author":"Nuche-Berenguer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-019-0111-3","article-title":"RANKL biology: bone metabolism, the immune system, and beyond","volume":"40","author":"Ono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.03.024","article-title":"The osteogenic effect of liraglutide involves enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in osteoblasts","volume":"164","author":"Pal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.05.011","article-title":"The role of estrogen in insulin resistance","volume":"191","author":"De Paoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23780","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023780","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of liraglutide on weight loss in South Koreans: first real-world retrospective data on Saxenda in Asia","volume":"100","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.08.006","article-title":"Chronic administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improves trabecular bone mass and architecture in ovariectomised mice","volume":"81","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39048.407928.BE","article-title":"Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review","volume":"334","author":"Perel","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-015-0525-y","article-title":"Liraglutide and obesity in elderly: efficacy in fat loss and safety in order to prevent sarcopenia. A perspective case series study","volume":"28","author":"Perna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Activation of the GLP-1 receptor signalling pathway: a relevant strategy to repair a deficient beta-cell mass","volume":"2011","author":"Portha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Diabetes Res"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11021","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.770941","article-title":"Myostatin inhibits osteoblastic differentiation by suppressing osteocyte-derived exosomal microRNA-218: a novel mechanism in muscle-bone communication","volume":"292","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.01.010","article-title":"Chronic hyperglycemia downregulates GLP-1 receptor signaling in pancreatic \u03b2-cells via protein kinase A","volume":"4","author":"Rajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03020.x","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of the once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Ratner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib123","article-title":"Brain uptake pharmacokinetics of albiglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, and DA5-CH in the search for new treatments of Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"12","author":"Rhea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.04.016","article-title":"Sarcopenia in elderly diabetic patients: role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Med Directors Assoc"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705120","article-title":"Different domains of the glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors provide the critical determinants of ligand selectivity","volume":"138","author":"Runge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114187","article-title":"Brain uptake pharmacokinetics of incretin receptor agonists showing promise as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease therapeutics","volume":"180","author":"Salameh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23596","article-title":"Marked weight loss on liraglutide 3.0 mg: real-life experience of a Swiss cohort with obesity","volume":"31","author":"Santini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2019.34.3.247","article-title":"A review of the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on lean body mass in humans","volume":"34","author":"Sargeant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.04.010","article-title":"GLP-1: molecular mechanisms and outcomes of a complex signaling system","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12593","article-title":"Gastrointestinal actions of glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies: glycaemic control beyond the pancreas","volume":"18","author":"Smits","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7750","article-title":"Determinants of the impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"86","author":"Toft-Nielsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-020-01162-6","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation by RANKL and OPG signaling pathways","volume":"39","author":"Udagawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Metab"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14032","article-title":"Blockade of glucagon increases muscle mass and alters fiber type composition in mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides","volume":"14","author":"Ueno","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes Invest"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034516","article-title":"Effects of liraglutide on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without history of myocardial infarction or stroke","volume":"138","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240263","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1240263","article-title":"Oral semaglutide improves body composition and preserves lean mass in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 26-week prospective real-life study","volume":"14","author":"Volpe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S358989","article-title":"Designing a dual GLP-1R\/GIPR agonist from tirzepatide: comparing residues between tirzepatide, GLP-1, and GIP","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des Development Ther"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584147","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.584147","article-title":"Sclerostin and osteocalcin: candidate bone-produced hormones","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.12111","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on fracture healing in a rat osteoporotic model","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.115.101246","article-title":"A hydrogen-bonded polar network in the core of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is a fulcrum for biased agonism: lessons from class B crystal structures","volume":"89","author":"Wootten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2022.119300","article-title":"GLP-1 regulates exercise endurance and skeletal muscle remodeling via GLP-1R\/AMPK pathway","volume":"1869","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697442","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.697442","article-title":"The impact of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on bone metabolism and its possible mechanisms in osteoporosis treatment","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.05.018","article-title":"The effect of dulaglutide on body composition in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on hemodialysis","volume":"32","author":"Yajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1292","article-title":"The murine glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is essential for control of bone resorption","volume":"149","author":"Yamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.721977","article-title":"Structural determinants of binding the seven-transmembrane domain of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R)","volume":"291","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01034-5","article-title":"Liraglutide increases bone formation and inhibits bone resorption in rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocrinological Invest"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091970","article-title":"Mechanisms of IGF-1-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy","volume":"9","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.06.112","article-title":"Exendin-4 enhances proliferation of senescent osteoblasts through activation of the IGF-1\/IGF-1R signaling pathway","volume":"516","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Biophysical Res Commun"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112225","article-title":"Liraglutide promotes UCP1 expression and lipolysis of adipocytes by promoting the secretion of irisin from skeletal muscle cells","volume":"588","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00098","article-title":"The impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 on bone metabolism and its possible mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070806112407800_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287972","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1287972","article-title":"Mechanism and physical activities in bone-skeletal muscle crosstalk","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/joe\/264\/2\/JOE-24-0210.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/joe\/264\/2\/JOE-24-0210.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/joe\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/JOE-24-0210\/44775\/joe-24-0210.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/joe\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/JOE-24-0210\/44775\/joe-24-0210.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:11:43Z","timestamp":1783505503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/joe\/article\/264\/2\/e240210\/5705\/The-role-of-glucagon-like-peptides-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/joe-24-0210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-6805","0022-0795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-6805","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0795","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"article-number":"e240210"}}