{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T05:29:24Z","timestamp":1769750964326,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["joe.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperglycemia is common in extremely preterm infants, and the treatment of neonatal hyperglycemia should be associated with a low risk of hypoglycemia. Incretin-based therapies are characterized by a low risk of hypoglycemia and are efficacious and safe in adults. We aimed to investigate the extent to which the glucose-lowering effect of incretin hormone-enhanced insulin secretion contributes to glucose regulation in healthy, developing rat pups and to evaluate the associated risk of hypoglycemia. We performed oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in 2-week-old Wistar rats and compared the serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, and incretin hormones. OGTT was associated with significantly higher serum incretin hormone concentrations than IPGTT in the pups, and the serum insulin concentrations were higher during OGTT than during IPGTT (the incretin effect was 63%). Thus, the incretin effects were present and substantial in the rat pups. We next administered two drugs (a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor or a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist) with incretin effects and evaluated the risk of adverse hypoglycemic events in normal developing rats. Standard therapeutic doses of linagliptin and liraglutide did not influence the blood glucose concentrations of 2-week-old pups, and no hypoglycemia developed. In conclusion, we have shown that endogenous incretin hormones stimulate insulin secretion in normal 2-week-old rats, as in adults. Furthermore, neither a DPP-4 inhibitor nor a GLP-1 receptor agonist induced hypoglycemia as an adverse effect. Therefore, incretin hormones may be safe therapeutic targets for hyperglycemia in preterm infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-25-0146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:28:35Z","timestamp":1767868115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incretin effect is sufficient for glucose control in developing rats"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"268","author":[{"given":"Kouji","family":"Motokura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7004-6608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seiichi","family":"Tomotaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutaro","family":"Tomobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Takita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Biol Neonate","first-page":"47","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones in the human fetus and mother at 18\u201321 weeks of gestation","volume":"67","author":"Adrian TE","year":"1995","unstructured":"Adrian TE\n, \nSoltesz G\n, \nMacKenzie IZ\n, et al.\n 1995 Gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones in the human fetus and mother at 18\u201321 weeks of gestation. Biol Neonate 67 47\u201353. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000244142)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"639","article-title":"Tight glycemic control with insulin in hyperglycemic preterm babies: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"Alsweiler JM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alsweiler JM\n, \nHarding JE\n & \nBloomfield FH\n\n 2012 Tight glycemic control with insulin in hyperglycemic preterm babies: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 129 639\u2013647. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-2470)"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Front Pediatr","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia in the newborn infant. Physiology verses pathology","volume":"21","author":"Beardsall K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beardsall K\n\n 2021 Hyperglycaemia in the newborn infant. Physiology verses pathology. Front Pediatr 21 641306. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.641306)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"J Endocrinol","first-page":"G13","article-title":"Metabolic phenotyping guidelines: assessing glucose homeostasis in rodent models","volume":"222","author":"Bowe JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bowe JE\n, \nFranklin ZJ\n, \nHauge-Evans AC\n, et al.\n 2014 Metabolic phenotyping guidelines: assessing glucose homeostasis in rodent models. J Endocrinol 222 G13\u2013G25. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/joe-14-0182)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"358","article-title":"The relationship of maternal and fetal glucose concentrations in the human from midgestation until term","volume":"37","author":"Bozzetti P","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bozzetti P\n, \nFerrari MM\n, \nMarconi AM\n, et al.\n 1988 The relationship of maternal and fetal glucose concentrations in the human from midgestation until term. Metabolism 37 358\u2013363. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90136-9)"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol","first-page":"81","article-title":"Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine","volume":"66","author":"Chin AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chin AM\n, \nHill DR\n, \nAurora M\n, et al.\n 2017 Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 66 81\u201393. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.01.011)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci","first-page":"29","article-title":"Determination of liraglutide in rat plasma by a selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: application to a pharmacokinetics study","volume":"1091","author":"Dong S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dong S\n, \nGu Y\n, \nWei G\n, et al.\n 2018 Determination of liraglutide in rat plasma by a selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: application to a pharmacokinetics study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1091 29\u201335. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.05.020)"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Birth Defects Res","first-page":"56","article-title":"Consideration of the development of the gastrointestinal tract in the choice of species for regulatory juvenile studies","volume":"110","author":"Downes NJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Downes NJ\n\n 2018 Consideration of the development of the gastrointestinal tract in the choice of species for regulatory juvenile studies. Birth Defects Res 110 56\u201362. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.1119)"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2092","article-title":"Loss of the incretin effect in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Grespan E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grespan E\n, \nGuolo A\n, \nMuscelli E\n, et al.\n 2022 Loss of the incretin effect in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107 2092\u20132100. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgac213)"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","first-page":"964","article-title":"Developmental expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide gene in rat intestine","volume":"201","author":"Higashimoto Y","year":"1994","unstructured":"Higashimoto Y\n & \nLiddle RA\n\n 1994 Developmental expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide gene in rat intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 201 964\u2013972. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1796)"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"46","article-title":"The incretin system in healthy humans: the role of GIP and GLP-1","volume":"96","author":"Holst JJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holst JJ\n\n 2019 The incretin system in healthy humans: the role of GIP and GLP-1. Metabolism 96 46\u201355. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.04.014)"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Developmental patterns of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7\u201336) amide and peptide-YY in rat pancreas and gut","volume":"129","author":"Kreymann B","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kreymann B\n, \nGhatei MA\n, \nDomin J\n, et al.\n 1991 Developmental patterns of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7\u201336) amide and peptide-YY in rat pancreas and gut. Endocrinology 129 1001\u20131005. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo-129-2-1001)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","first-page":"678","article-title":"Development of gut hormone responses to feeding in neonates","volume":"55","author":"Lucas A","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lucas A\n, \nBloom SR\n & \nAynsley-Green A\n\n 1980 Development of gut hormone responses to feeding in neonates. Arch Dis Child 55 678\u2013682. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.55.9.678)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"801","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors administered in combination with metformin result in an additive increase in the plasma concentration of active GLP-1","volume":"88","author":"Migoya EM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Migoya EM\n, \nBergeron R\n, \nMiller JL\n, et al.\n 2010 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors administered in combination with metformin result in an additive increase in the plasma concentration of active GLP-1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 88 801\u2013808. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/clpt.2010.184)"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab","first-page":"5","article-title":"Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Nauck MA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nauck MA\n & \nMeier JJ\n\n 2018 Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 20 5\u201321. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.13129)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Diabetologia","first-page":"46","article-title":"Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Nauck MA","year":"1986a","unstructured":"Nauck MA\n, \nSt\u00f6ckmann F\n, \nEbert R\n, et al.\n 1986a Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 29 46\u201352. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02427280)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"492","article-title":"Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses","volume":"63","author":"Nauck MA","year":"1986b","unstructured":"Nauck MA\n, \nHomberger E\n, \nSiegel EG\n, et al.\n 1986b Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63 492\u2013498. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-63-2-492)"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab","first-page":"5","article-title":"The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: a pathophysiological update","volume":"23","author":"Nauck MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nauck MA\n, \nQuast DR\n, \nWefers J\n, et al\n. 2021 The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: a pathophysiological update. Diabetes Obes Metab 23 5\u201329. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14496)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"45","article-title":"In vivo models for incretin research: from the intestine to the whole body","volume":"31","author":"Oh TJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oh TJ\n\n 2016 In vivo models for incretin research: from the intestine to the whole body. Endocrinol Metab 31 45\u201351. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/enm.2016.31.1.45)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"E745","article-title":"The long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 ameliorates glycemia and increases beta-cell mass in diabetic mice","volume":"283","author":"Rolin B","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rolin B\n, \nLarsen MO\n, \nGotfredsen CF\n, et al.\n 2002 The long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 ameliorates glycemia and increases beta-cell mass in diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 E745\u2013E752. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00030.2002)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","first-page":"123","article-title":"GLP-1 derivative liraglutide in rats with beta-cell deficiencies: influence of metabolic state on beta-cell mass dynamics","volume":"140","author":"Sturis J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sturis J\n, \nGotfredsen CF\n, \nR\u00f8mer J\n, et al.\n 2003 GLP-1 derivative liraglutide in rats with beta-cell deficiencies: influence of metabolic state on beta-cell mass dynamics. Br J Pharmacol 140 123\u2013132. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705397)"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"175","article-title":"(R)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a novel xanthine-based dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, has a superior potency and longer duration of action compared with other dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors","volume":"325","author":"Thomas L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas L\n, \nEckhardt M\n, \nLangkopf E\n, et al.\n 2008 (R)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a novel xanthine-based dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, has a superior potency and longer duration of action compared with other dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 325 175\u2013182. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.107.135723)"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"J Diabetes Investig","first-page":"970","article-title":"Effects of passage through the digestive tract on incretin secretion: before and after birth","volume":"12","author":"Tomotaki S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomotaki S\n, \nAraki R\n, \nMotokura K\n, et al.\n 2016 Effects of passage through the digestive tract on incretin secretion: before and after birth. J Diabetes Investig 12 970\u2013977. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdi.13447)"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol","first-page":"132","article-title":"Postnatal development of the gastrointestinal system: a species comparison","volume":"74","author":"Walthall K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walthall K\n, \nCappon GD\n, \nHurtt ME\n, et al.\n 2005 Postnatal development of the gastrointestinal system: a species comparison. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 74 132\u2013156. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdrb.20040)"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Endocrine","first-page":"71","article-title":"Prematurity at less than 24 weeks of gestation is a risk for prolonged hyperglycemia in extremely low-birth weight infants","volume":"70","author":"Yamauchi T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamauchi T\n, \nImamura M\n, \nTakasawa K\n, et al.\n 2020 Prematurity at less than 24 weeks of gestation is a risk for prolonged hyperglycemia in extremely low-birth weight infants. Endocrine 70 71\u201377. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02393-3)"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed","first-page":"460","article-title":"Neonatal hyperglycaemia is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants","volume":"106","author":"Zamir I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zamir I\n, \nStoltz Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m E\n, \nAhlsson F\n, et al.\n 2021 Neonatal hyperglycaemia is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106 460\u2013466. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319926)"},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Biol Neonate","first-page":"47","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones in the human fetus and mother at 18\u201321 weeks of gestation","volume":"67","author":"Adrian TE","year":"1995","unstructured":"Adrian TE\n, \nSoltesz G\n, \nMacKenzie IZ\n, et al.\n 1995 Gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones in the human fetus and mother at 18\u201321 weeks of gestation. Biol Neonate 67 47\u201353. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000244142)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"639","article-title":"Tight glycemic control with insulin in hyperglycemic preterm babies: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"Alsweiler JM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alsweiler JM\n, \nHarding JE\n & \nBloomfield FH\n\n 2012 Tight glycemic control with insulin in hyperglycemic preterm babies: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 129 639\u2013647. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-2470)"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Front Pediatr","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia in the newborn infant. Physiology verses pathology","volume":"21","author":"Beardsall K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beardsall K\n\n 2021 Hyperglycaemia in the newborn infant. Physiology verses pathology. Front Pediatr 21 641306. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.641306)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"J Endocrinol","first-page":"G13","article-title":"Metabolic phenotyping guidelines: assessing glucose homeostasis in rodent models","volume":"222","author":"Bowe JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bowe JE\n, \nFranklin ZJ\n, \nHauge-Evans AC\n, et al.\n 2014 Metabolic phenotyping guidelines: assessing glucose homeostasis in rodent models. J Endocrinol 222 G13\u2013G25. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/joe-14-0182)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"358","article-title":"The relationship of maternal and fetal glucose concentrations in the human from midgestation until term","volume":"37","author":"Bozzetti P","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bozzetti P\n, \nFerrari MM\n, \nMarconi AM\n, et al.\n 1988 The relationship of maternal and fetal glucose concentrations in the human from midgestation until term. Metabolism 37 358\u2013363. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90136-9)"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol","first-page":"81","article-title":"Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine","volume":"66","author":"Chin AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chin AM\n, \nHill DR\n, \nAurora M\n, et al.\n 2017 Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 66 81\u201393. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.01.011)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci","first-page":"29","article-title":"Determination of liraglutide in rat plasma by a selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: application to a pharmacokinetics study","volume":"1091","author":"Dong S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dong S\n, \nGu Y\n, \nWei G\n, et al.\n 2018 Determination of liraglutide in rat plasma by a selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: application to a pharmacokinetics study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1091 29\u201335. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.05.020)"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Birth Defects Res","first-page":"56","article-title":"Consideration of the development of the gastrointestinal tract in the choice of species for regulatory juvenile studies","volume":"110","author":"Downes NJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Downes NJ\n\n 2018 Consideration of the development of the gastrointestinal tract in the choice of species for regulatory juvenile studies. Birth Defects Res 110 56\u201362. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.1119)"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2092","article-title":"Loss of the incretin effect in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Grespan E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grespan E\n, \nGuolo A\n, \nMuscelli E\n, et al.\n 2022 Loss of the incretin effect in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107 2092\u20132100. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgac213)"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","first-page":"964","article-title":"Developmental expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide gene in rat intestine","volume":"201","author":"Higashimoto Y","year":"1994","unstructured":"Higashimoto Y\n & \nLiddle RA\n\n 1994 Developmental expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide gene in rat intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 201 964\u2013972. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1796)"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"46","article-title":"The incretin system in healthy humans: the role of GIP and GLP-1","volume":"96","author":"Holst JJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holst JJ\n\n 2019 The incretin system in healthy humans: the role of GIP and GLP-1. Metabolism 96 46\u201355. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.04.014)"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Developmental patterns of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7\u201336) amide and peptide-YY in rat pancreas and gut","volume":"129","author":"Kreymann B","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kreymann B\n, \nGhatei MA\n, \nDomin J\n, et al.\n 1991 Developmental patterns of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7\u201336) amide and peptide-YY in rat pancreas and gut. Endocrinology 129 1001\u20131005. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo-129-2-1001)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","first-page":"678","article-title":"Development of gut hormone responses to feeding in neonates","volume":"55","author":"Lucas A","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lucas A\n, \nBloom SR\n & \nAynsley-Green A\n\n 1980 Development of gut hormone responses to feeding in neonates. Arch Dis Child 55 678\u2013682. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.55.9.678)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"801","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors administered in combination with metformin result in an additive increase in the plasma concentration of active GLP-1","volume":"88","author":"Migoya EM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Migoya EM\n, \nBergeron R\n, \nMiller JL\n, et al.\n 2010 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors administered in combination with metformin result in an additive increase in the plasma concentration of active GLP-1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 88 801\u2013808. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/clpt.2010.184)"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab","first-page":"5","article-title":"Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Nauck MA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nauck MA\n & \nMeier JJ\n\n 2018 Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 20 5\u201321. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.13129)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Diabetologia","first-page":"46","article-title":"Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Nauck MA","year":"1986a","unstructured":"Nauck MA\n, \nSt\u00f6ckmann F\n, \nEbert R\n, et al.\n 1986a Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 29 46\u201352. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02427280)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"492","article-title":"Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses","volume":"63","author":"Nauck MA","year":"1986b","unstructured":"Nauck MA\n, \nHomberger E\n, \nSiegel EG\n, et al.\n 1986b Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63 492\u2013498. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-63-2-492)"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab","first-page":"5","article-title":"The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: a pathophysiological update","volume":"23","author":"Nauck MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nauck MA\n, \nQuast DR\n, \nWefers J\n, et al\n. 2021 The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: a pathophysiological update. Diabetes Obes Metab 23 5\u201329. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14496)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"45","article-title":"In vivo models for incretin research: from the intestine to the whole body","volume":"31","author":"Oh TJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oh TJ\n\n 2016 In vivo models for incretin research: from the intestine to the whole body. Endocrinol Metab 31 45\u201351. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/enm.2016.31.1.45)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"E745","article-title":"The long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 ameliorates glycemia and increases beta-cell mass in diabetic mice","volume":"283","author":"Rolin B","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rolin B\n, \nLarsen MO\n, \nGotfredsen CF\n, et al.\n 2002 The long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 ameliorates glycemia and increases beta-cell mass in diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 E745\u2013E752. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00030.2002)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","first-page":"123","article-title":"GLP-1 derivative liraglutide in rats with beta-cell deficiencies: influence of metabolic state on beta-cell mass dynamics","volume":"140","author":"Sturis J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sturis J\n, \nGotfredsen CF\n, \nR\u00f8mer J\n, et al.\n 2003 GLP-1 derivative liraglutide in rats with beta-cell deficiencies: influence of metabolic state on beta-cell mass dynamics. Br J Pharmacol 140 123\u2013132. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705397)"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"175","article-title":"(R)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a novel xanthine-based dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, has a superior potency and longer duration of action compared with other dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors","volume":"325","author":"Thomas L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas L\n, \nEckhardt M\n, \nLangkopf E\n, et al.\n 2008 (R)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a novel xanthine-based dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, has a superior potency and longer duration of action compared with other dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 325 175\u2013182. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.107.135723)"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"J Diabetes Investig","first-page":"970","article-title":"Effects of passage through the digestive tract on incretin secretion: before and after birth","volume":"12","author":"Tomotaki S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomotaki S\n, \nAraki R\n, \nMotokura K\n, et al.\n 2016 Effects of passage through the digestive tract on incretin secretion: before and after birth. J Diabetes Investig 12 970\u2013977. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdi.13447)"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol","first-page":"132","article-title":"Postnatal development of the gastrointestinal system: a species comparison","volume":"74","author":"Walthall K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walthall K\n, \nCappon GD\n, \nHurtt ME\n, et al.\n 2005 Postnatal development of the gastrointestinal system: a species comparison. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 74 132\u2013156. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdrb.20040)"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Endocrine","first-page":"71","article-title":"Prematurity at less than 24 weeks of gestation is a risk for prolonged hyperglycemia in extremely low-birth weight infants","volume":"70","author":"Yamauchi T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamauchi T\n, \nImamura M\n, \nTakasawa K\n, et al.\n 2020 Prematurity at less than 24 weeks of gestation is a risk for prolonged hyperglycemia in extremely low-birth weight infants. Endocrine 70 71\u201377. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02393-3)"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed","first-page":"460","article-title":"Neonatal hyperglycaemia is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants","volume":"106","author":"Zamir I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zamir I\n, \nStoltz Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m E\n, \nAhlsson F\n, et al.\n 2021 Neonatal hyperglycaemia is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106 460\u2013466. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319926)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/joe\/268\/1\/JOE-25-0146.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/joe\/268\/1\/JOE-25-0146.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/joe\/268\/1\/JOE-25-0146.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T15:26:20Z","timestamp":1769700380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/joe.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/joe\/268\/1\/JOE-25-0146.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/joe-25-0146","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0795","1479-6805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0795","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-6805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}