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Clinically, women have a higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases, nodules, and differentiated thyroid cancer, while men more often present with advanced and aggressive disease. In this review, we integrate current evidence on sexual dimorphism in thyroid function, spanning from central regulation through the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid axis to thyroid hormones biosynthesis and peripheral metabolism, and discuss how these differences influence disease susceptibility and progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/joe-25-0346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T11:36:02Z","timestamp":1766489762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sex differences in thyroid function: from central regulation to hormone metabolism and disease susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"268","author":[{"given":"Caroline C","family":"Faria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3364-9757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vania Maria","family":"Correa da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Claudia Freitas","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2"},{"name":"3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3497-8173","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodrigo S","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise P","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1437","article-title":"The sodium-iodide symporter NIS and pendrin in iodide homeostasis of the thyroid","volume":"150","author":"Bizhanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.038","article-title":"Thyroid hormone biosynthesis and release","volume":"458","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.143","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptors and resistance to thyroid hormone disorders","volume":"10","author":"Ortiga-Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.1.0455","article-title":"Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases","volume":"23","author":"Bianco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003266","article-title":"A meta-analysis of thyroid-related traits reveals novel loci and gender-specific differences in the regulation of thyroid function","volume":"9","author":"Porcu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(02)00063-6","article-title":"Testosterone and estradiol up-regulate androgen and estrogen receptors in immature and adult rat thyroid glands in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Banu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2006.03.007","article-title":"Estrogen effects on thyroid iodide uptake and thyroperoxidase activity in normal and ovariectomized rats","volume":"71","author":"Lima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib9","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Estrogen promotes growth of human thyroid tumor cells by different molecular mechanisms","volume":"86","author":"Manole","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070806140593600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37265","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.52.37265","article-title":"Purification of a novel flavoprotein involved in the thyroid NADPH oxidase. 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