{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:35:03Z","timestamp":1792110903741,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["raf.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"abstract":"\n Stallion sperm membranes comprise a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, making stallion spermatozoa especially vulnerable to peroxidative damage from reactive oxygen species generated as a by-product of cell metabolism. Membrane lipid replacement therapy with glycerophospholipid (GPL) mixtures has been shown to reduce oxidative damage\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n . The aims of this study were to test the effects of a commercial preparation of GPL, NTFactor\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n Lipids, on stallion spermatozoa under oxidative stress. When oxidative damage was induced by the addition of arachidonic acid to stallion spermatozoa, the subsequent addition of GPL reduced the percentage of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE; a key end product of lipid peroxidation) positive cells (32.9 \u00b1 2.7 vs 20.9 \u00b1 2.3%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.05) and increased the concentration of 4-HNE within the spent media (0.026 \u00b1 0.003 vs 0.039 \u00b1 0.004 \u00b5g\/mL;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.001), suggesting that oxidized lipids had been replaced by exogenous GPL. Lipid replacement improved several motility parameters (total motility: 2.0 \u00b1 1.0 vs 68.8 \u00b1 2.9%; progressive motility: 0 \u00b1 0 vs 19.3 \u00b1 2.6%; straight line velocity: 9.5 \u00b1 2.1 vs 50.9 \u00b1 4.1 \u00b5m\/s; curvilinear velocity: 40.8 \u00b1 10 vs 160.7 \u00b1 7.8 \u00b5m\/s; average path velocity: 13.4 \u00b1 2.9 vs 81.9 \u00b1 5.9 \u00b5m\/s;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.001), sperm viability (13.5 \u00b1 2.9 vs 80.2 \u00b1 1.6%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.001) and reduced mitochondrial ROS generation (98.2 \u00b1 0.6 vs 74.8 \u00b1 6.1%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.001). Supplementation with GPL during 17\u00b0C\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n sperm storage over 72 h improved sperm viability (66.4 \u00b1 2.6 vs 78.1 \u00b1 2.9%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.01) and total motility (53 \u00b1 5.6 vs 66.3 \u00b1 3.5%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.05). It is concluded that incubation of stallion spermatozoa with sub-\u00b5m-sized GPL micelles results in the incorporation of exogenous GPL into sperm membranes, diminishing lipid peroxidation and improving sperm quality\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Lay summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Sperm collection and storage is an important step in many artificial insemination and\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n fertilization regimes for several species, including humans and horses. The sperm membrane, which acts as a protective outer barrier, is made up of fatty acid-containing molecules \u2013 called phospholipids. These phospholipids may become damaged by waste products generated by the cell, such as hydrogen peroxide, during non-chilled sperm storage. We aimed to determine if sperm cells were able to repair this membrane damage by supplementing them with phospholipids during non-chilled storage. Sperm was collected from five miniature stallions by artificial vagina, and then supplemented with phospholipids during 72 h sperm storage at 17\u00b0C. Our studies show that when stallion sperm are supplemented with phospholipids\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n , they are able to remove their damaged membrane phospholipids and swap them for undamaged ones, aiding in resistance to cellular waste and improving cell health and potential fertility.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/raf-21-0028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T08:38:35Z","timestamp":1626856715000},"page":"199-209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Glycerophospholipids protect stallion spermatozoa from oxidative damage in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7270-9316","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashlee J","family":"Medica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environmental, and Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-156X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert J","family":"Aitken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environmental, and Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garth L","family":"Nicolson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alecia R","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environmental, and Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleona","family":"Swegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environmental, and Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffry N","family":"De Iuliis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environmental, and Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zamira","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environmental, and Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","container-title":["Reproduction and Fertility"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/raf.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/raf\/2\/3\/RAF-21-0028.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/raf.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/raf\/2\/3\/RAF-21-0028.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:53:25Z","timestamp":1784555605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/raf\/article\/2\/3\/199-209\/26139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/raf-21-0028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-8386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-8386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]}}}