{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:42:34Z","timestamp":1789609354632,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["raf.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"images\/RAF-22-0031inf1.jpeg\"\/>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Giant pandas are mono-estrus seasonal breeders, with the breeding season typically occurring in the spring. Successful fertilization is followed by an embryonic diapause, of variable length, with birth in the late summer\/autumn. There is a need for additional understanding of giant panda reproductive physiology, and the development of enhanced biomarkers for impending proestrus and peak fertility. We aimed to determine the utility of non-invasive androgen measurements in the detection of both proestrus and estrus. Urine from 20 cycles (\u221240 days to +10 days from peak estrus) from 5 female giant pandas was analyzed for estrogen, progestogens and androgens (via testosterone and DHEA assays), and hormone concentrations were corrected against urinary specific gravity. Across proestrus, estrogens increased while progestogens and androgens decreased \u2013 at the point of entry into proestrus, androgens (as detected by the testosterone assay) decreased prior to progestogens and gave 4 days advanced warning of proestrus. At the time of peak estrus, androgens (as detected by the DHEA assay) were significantly increased at the time of the decrease in estrogen metabolites from the peak, acting as an alternative confirmatory indicator of the fertile window. This novel finding allows for enlargement of the preparative window for captive breeding and facilitates panda management within breeding programmes. Androgens allow an enhanced monitoring of giant panda estrus, not only advancing the warning of impending proestrus, but also prospectively identifying peak fertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Giant pandas have one chance at pregnancy per year. The 2-day fertile window timing varies by year and panda. This is monitored by measuring the level of estrogens in the urine, which increase, indicating an upcoming fertile period. After 1\u20132 weeks of increase, estrogens peak and fall, marking the optimal fertile time. We tested other hormones to see if we can predict the fertile window in advance, and the specific fertile time with more accuracy. In 20 breeding seasons from 5 females, we found androgens, usually thought of as male hormones, had an important role. Testosterone gives 4 days advanced warning of estrogens increasing. DHEA identified peak estrogen and the fertile time before needing to see a confirmed decrease in estrogen itself. Therefore, androgens help improve monitoring of the giant panda breeding season, giving early warning of fertility, key in facilitating captive breeding and giant panda conservation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/raf-22-0031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T08:43:18Z","timestamp":1656664998000},"page":"122-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The novel use of urinary androgens to optimise detection of the fertile window in giant pandas"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6311-8995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kirsten S","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of SFGA on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), DuJiangYan City, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Valentine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoocraft Ltd., Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"McNeilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Girling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RZSS Edinburgh Zoo, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rengui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of SFGA on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), DuJiangYan City, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingmin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of SFGA on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda (CCRCGP), DuJiangYan City, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Vanhaecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7170-5740","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W","family":"Colin Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jella","family":"Wauters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department Reproduction Biology, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Frontiers in Neurology","article-title":"A practical guide to immunoassay method validation","volume":"6","author":"Andreasson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andreasson UPerret-Liaudet Avan Waalwijk van Doorn LJCBlennow KChiasserini DEngelborghs SFladby TGenc SKruse NKuiperij HB, 2015A practical guide to immunoassay method validation. 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