{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:20:20Z","timestamp":1784557220844,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["raf.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"images\/RAF-23-0065inf1.jpeg\"\/>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex steroids are converted to bioactive metabolites and vice versa by endometrial steroid-metabolising enzymes. Studies indicate that alterations in this metabolism might affect endometrial receptivity. This pilot study determined whether the endometrial formation and inactivation of 17\u03b2-oestradiol differed between the supposedly embryo-receptive endometrium and non-receptive endometrium of women undergoing IVF\/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Endometrial biopsies were obtained from IVF\/ICSI patients 5\u20138 days after ovulation in a natural cycle, prior to their second IVF\/ICSI cycle with fresh embryo transfer (ET). Endometrial biopsies from patients who achieved clinical pregnancy after fresh ET (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915) were compared with endometrial biopsies from patients that did not conceive after fresh ET (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915). Formation of 17\u03b2-oestradiol (oxidative 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs)), oestrone (reductive HSD17Bs) and inhibition of HSD17B1 activity were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The endometrial transcriptome was profiled using RNA sequencing followed by principal component analysis and differentially expressed gene analysis. The false discovery rate-adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05 and log fold change &gt;0.5 were selected as the screening threshold.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Formation and inactivation of 17\u03b2-oestradiol resulted similar between groups. Inhibition of HSD17B1 activity was significantly higher in the non-pregnant group when only primary infertile women (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912) were considered (27.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095 vs 16.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). Gene expression analysis confirmed the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>HSD17B1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (encoding HSD17B1),\n                      <jats:italic>HSD17B2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (encoding HSD17B2) and 33 of 46 analysed steroid metabolising enzymes in the endometrium. In the primary infertile subgroup (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) 12 DEGs were found including\n                      <jats:italic>LINC02349<\/jats:italic>\n                      which has been linked to implantation. However, the exact relationship between steroid-metabolising enzyme activity, expression and implantation outcome requires further investigation in larger, well-defined patient groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sex hormones are produced and broken down by enzymes that can be found in the endometrium (the inner lining of the womb). This enzyme activity might influence the chances of becoming pregnant. We compared (i) enzyme activity in the endometrium of 15 women who did and 15 women who did not become pregnant in their second\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      fertilisation attempt, (ii) how enzyme activity can be blocked by an inhibitor, and (iii) differences in gene expression (the process by which instructions in our DNA are converted into a product). Enzyme activity was similar between groups. We found that in women who have never been pregnant in the past, inhibition of enzyme activity was higher and found differences in a gene that has been linked to the implantation of the embryo, but future studies should be performed in larger, well-defined patient groups to confirm these findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/raf-23-0065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T09:54:16Z","timestamp":1699955656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Local production of 17\u03b2-oestradiol in the endometrium during the implantation window: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7650-8837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L B P M","family":"Stevens Brentjens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Obukhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Delvoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J E","family":"den Hartog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B N","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J P","family":"de Bruin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat, Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Besselink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Teklenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isala Fertility Clinic, Isala Hospital, Dokter van Heesweg, Zwolle, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F J M","family":"Broekmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R J T","family":"van Golde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Zamani Esteki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-6883","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel, Maastricht, The 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