{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T09:15:41Z","timestamp":1785316541507,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":257,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Our primary aim was to investigate the reversibility of the negative impact of smoking on male fertility. Secondarily, we studied the effect of both time after smoking cessation as well as the smoking index on semen quality improvement. Our study included 60 participants who applied to a smoking cessation program. The volunteers started by completing a fertility background questionnaire. Two semen specimens, provided 2 weeks apart, were analyzed according to the WHO guidelines for each candidate on three different occasions. The first was right before smoking cessation, followed by the 2nd and 3rd at 3 and 6 months after stopping smoking. Semen quality was compared between the three occasions. The degree of change was correlated with the level of smoking. The nicotine level in urine was used for smoking cessation compliance monitoring during the study. Comparing semen quality on the three different occasions, we detected a significant improvement in semen volume (3.33 mL \u00b1 1.07 vs 3.88 mL \u00b1 0.80 vs 4.34 mL \u00b1 0.67, P &amp;lt; 0.001), sperm concentration (14.77 million \/ml \u00b1 6.49 vs 17.71 million\/ml \u00b1 6.41 vs 19.27 million\/ml \u00b1 6.46, P &amp;lt; 0.001), total sperm count (49.33 million \u00b125.31 vs 70.16 million \u00b130.85 vs 84.01 million \u00b131.00, P &amp;lt; 0.001), progressive motility (20.7 vs 35.3% vs 42.28%, P &amp;lt; 0.001), total motility (41.48 vs 60.33% vs 67.67%, P &amp;lt; 0.001), and abnormal morphology (69.32 vs 50.88% vs 40.82%, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Improvement in all parameters was positively correlated to time after cessation. Higher smoking indices were related to higher levels of improvement in semen volume, sperm concentration, and total count (areas under the curve of 0.867, 0.852, and 0.863, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.001 for each). Our conclusion was that the negative effect of smoking on semen quality is reversible. Smoking cessation has a time-dependent positive effect on main semen parameters, hence positive potential for fecundity improvement in men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extensive research efforts have always focused on the negative effects of smoking on male reproduction by comparing fertility in smokers versus non-smokers. There are very few studies looking at the effect of smoking cessation on male fertility. Our primary aim was to investigate whether the negative impact of smoking on male fertility was reversible. Our study included 60 participants who applied to a smoking cessation program. The volunteers started by completing a fertility background questionnaire. Each candidate provided two semen specimens 2 weeks apart, on three occasions. The first was right before smoking cessation, followed by the 2nd and 3rd at 3 and 6 months after stopping smoking. Semen quality was compared between the three occasions. The degree of change was correlated with smoking levels. We found the negative effects of smoking on semen are reversible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/raf-24-0135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T11:22:03Z","timestamp":1759749723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating the effect of smoking and its cessation on semen parameters"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ragheb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdelbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Massoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Abd Elkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elbatanony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib1","article-title":"Impact of alcohol and cigarette smoking consumption in male fertility potential: looks at lipid peroxidation, enzymatic antioxidant activities and sperm DNA damage","volume":"50","author":"Aboulmaouahib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2025.1520938","article-title":"Modifiable lifestyle factors and male reproductive health: a cross-sectional study in IVF clinic attendees in Ghana","volume":"7","author":"Amoah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib3","article-title":"Impact of tobacco smoking on sperm nuclear proteins genes: H2BFWT, TNP1, TNP2, PRM1, and PRM2 and its influence on male infertility","volume":"53","author":"Amor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib4","article-title":"Impact of heavy alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on sperm DNA integrity","volume":"54","author":"Amor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-016-0207-z","article-title":"Tobacco smoking is associated with decreased semen quality","volume":"13","author":"Asare-Anane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib6","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Evaluating the serum and seminal plasma levels of zinc and cadmium in smokers and their relation to the semen parameters","volume":"200","author":"Bazid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Translational Eng Res"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_110_18","article-title":"Heavy cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are associated with impaired sperm parameters in primary infertile men","volume":"21","author":"Boeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6319-3","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and semen quality in infertile males: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Bundhun","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019408987820","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking on human semen quality","volume":"33","author":"Chia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib11","first-page":"92","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production alters sperm quality","volume":"10","author":"Chianese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050759","article-title":"Male clinical parameters (age, stature, weight, body mass index, smoking history, alcohol consumption) bear minimal relationship to the level of sperm DNA fragmentation","volume":"13","author":"Chua","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01978-x","article-title":"Health effects associated with smoking: a burden of proof study","volume":"28","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59369-8","article-title":"Effect of tobacco consumption on semen quality of a population of hypofertile males","volume":"48","author":"Dikshit","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib15","first-page":"234","article-title":"Risk assessment of impairment of fertility due to exposure to tobacco constituents classified as reprotoxicants","volume":"13","author":"Estevan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-022-00593-2","article-title":"Evolution of the World Health Organization semen analysis manual: where are we?","volume":"19","author":"Esteves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12389","article-title":"Sperm morphology: assessment, pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and state of the art in 2017","volume":"5","author":"Gatimel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib18","first-page":"1828","article-title":"Smoking induces a decline in semen quality and the activation of stress response pathways in sperm","volume":"12","author":"Henriques","year":"2023","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa089","article-title":"Use of e-cigarettes associated with lower sperm counts in a cross-sectional study of young men from the general population","volume":"35","author":"Holmboe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031912","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and incident heart failure: insights from the Jackson heart study","volume":"137","author":"Kamimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2015.1015928","article-title":"The effects of cigarette smoking on male fertility","volume":"127","author":"Kovac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-022-00605-0","article-title":"Sperm concentration and semen volume increase after smoking cessation in infertile men","volume":"34","author":"Kulaksiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)04664-2","article-title":"Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples","volume":"79","author":"K\u00fcnzle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib24","first-page":"29","article-title":"Influence of different types of tobacco smoking on seminal fluid parameters and sex hormones among males from the Gaza strip","volume":"31","author":"Laqqan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1061766","article-title":"Recurrent implantation failure: a comprehensive summary from etiology to treatment","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib26","article-title":"Effect of heavy metals on epididymal morphology and function: an integrative review","volume":"291","author":"Machado-Neves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib27","article-title":"The effect of cigarette smoking on human seminal parameters, sperm chromatin structure and condensation","volume":"50","author":"Mostafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62055","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16331-x","article-title":"The mutagenic effect of tobacco smoke on male fertility","volume":"29","author":"Omolaoye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1255304","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking on semen quality, reproductive hormone levels, metabolic profile, zinc and sperm DNA fragmentation in men: results from a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"Osadchuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib30","first-page":"145","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and its toxicological overview on human male fertility \u2013 a prospective review","volume":"40","author":"Parameswari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib31","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Cardiovascular, carcinogenic and reproductive effects of nicotine exposure: a narrative review of the scientific literature","volume":"8","author":"Price","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-020-00025-4","article-title":"Assessment of the toxicity effects of nicotine on sperm and IVF and the potential protective role of silymarin \u2013 an experimental study in mice","volume":"25","author":"Rahimi-Madiseh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil Soc J"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11784","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28458","article-title":"Deterioration of semen quality and sperm DNA integrity as influenced by cigarette smoking in fertile and infertile human male smokers \u2013 a prospective study","volume":"120","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03294-6","article-title":"Effect of cigarette smoking on levels of seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: a prospective study","volume":"78","author":"Saleh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.04.010","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and semen quality: a new meta-analysis examining the effect of the 2010 World Health Organization laboratory methods for the examination of human semen","volume":"70","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib37","volume-title":"Factors Influencing Semen Analysis in Cases of Infertility","author":"Singh","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib38","volume-title":"Association Between Cotinine Levels and The Semen Quality Among Male Tobacco Farmers in Sukhothai Province, Thailand. Doctoral dissertation","author":"Surach","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000055","article-title":"Semen quality and cigarette smoking in a cohort of healthy fertile men","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.21.0072","article-title":"Semen evaluation: methodological advancements in sperm quality-specific fertility assessment \u2013 a review","volume":"34","author":"Tanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Biosci"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-017-0032-2","article-title":"Discrete survival model analysis of a couple\u2019s smoking pattern and outcomes of assisted reproduction","volume":"3","author":"Vanegas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Res Pract"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56450-4","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and sperm density: a meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Vine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib43","volume-title":": Human Semen Analysis: From The WHO Manual to The Clinical Management of Infertile Men","author":"Zenoaga-Barb\u0103ro\u015fie","year":"2024","edition":"A Agarwal, F Bo"},{"key":"2026070714040426000_bib44","first-page":"143","article-title":"Effect of smoking on semen quality of infertile men in Shandong, China","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"}],"container-title":["Reproduction and Fertility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/raf.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/raf\/6\/4\/RAF-24-0135.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/raf.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/raf\/6\/4\/RAF-24-0135.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/raf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/RAF-24-0135\/508758\/raf-24-0135.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/raf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/RAF-24-0135\/508758\/raf-24-0135.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:04:15Z","timestamp":1783447455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/raf\/article\/6\/4\/e240135\/75761\/Evaluating-the-effect-of-smoking-and-its-cessation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/raf-24-0135","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-8386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-8386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"article-number":"e240135"}}