{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:21:41Z","timestamp":1783452101644,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":97,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cow\u2019s ability to produce a live calf every year is critical for profitable and sustainable cattle production. Although fertilization rates in cattle are typically high, early embryonic loss remains a major barrier for reproductive success, and immunological rejection of the embryo represents a major contributing factor to this loss. Pregnancy represents an immunological paradox in which the maternal immune system not only tolerates the presence of a semi-allogeneic embryo but creates a uterine environment supportive of its survival and development. Successful pregnancy establishment and maintenance require precise maternal immune system regulation to tolerate embryonic paternal antigens while maintaining protection against pathogens. Disruption of the dynamic balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses at the fetal\u2013maternal interface, either through insufficient or through excessive inflammation, can result in pregnancy complications and loss. This literature review examines the immunoregulatory mechanisms in place to create a tightly regulated immunological equilibrium beginning at insemination and continuing through placental development in successful bovine pregnancy, including molecular signaling pathways, leukocyte interactions, and cytokine networks, and discusses the consequences of immunological dysregulation at the fetal\u2013maternal interface. Advancing knowledge in this area holds promise for the development of targeted reproductive management strategies in cattle aimed at minimizing pregnancy loss and improving the efficiency and profitability of cattle production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cow\u2019s ability to produce a live calf every year is critical for profitable and sustainable cattle production, but immunological rejection of the embryo, resulting in pregnancy complications or loss, is a significant obstacle. The fundamental role of the immune system is to recognize antigens, or foreign molecules, in the body and induce an inflammatory response against these antigens to protect the host animal. Pregnancy represents an immunological paradox in which the maternal immune system not only tolerates the semi-foreign embryo, which contains paternal antigens, but creates a uterine environment supportive of its survival and development. Immune responses during pregnancy are tightly regulated to balance the need for tolerance of the embryo with the need for protection against pathogens. This literature review explores the regulatory mechanisms used to prevent the maternal immune system from attacking the semi-foreign embryo and describes the consequences of immunological dysregulation during bovine pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/raf-25-0188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T14:52:01Z","timestamp":1776696721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulation of the maternal immune system during early bovine pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3444-5838","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amber E","family":"Thornton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1"},{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2807-5007","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heloisa M","family":"Rutigliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070714171003200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103132","article-title":"Effects of progesterone, dydrogesterone and estrogen on the production of Th1\/Th2\/Th17 cytokines by lymphocytes from women with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage","volume":"140","author":"AbdulHussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026070714171003200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR2019-0087","article-title":"Contribution of the immune system to follicle differentiation, ovulation and early corpus luteum formation","volume":"16","author":"Abdulrahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim 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